译林牛津版高中英语专题知识讲解 总复习：虚拟语气

高考总复习：虚拟语气

真题再现

1.（2015安徽高考）It is lucky we booked a room, or we ______nowhere to stay now. A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had

2.（2015重庆高考）Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. A. Didn’t write

B. hadn’t written D. wouldn’t have written

C. wouldn’t write

3.（2015陕西高考）Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I as well as her. A. dance B. will dance C. had danced D. danced

4.（2015北京高考） If I _____it with my own eyes , I wouldn’t have believed it. A .didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. Wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen

5.（2015天津高考）I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.

A. will be B. would be C. have been D. had been

6. If we _______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful. A. haven’t made C. didn’t make A. visited

B. wouldn’t make D. hadn’t made C. would visit

D. would have visited

7. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we________ more places of interest yesterday.

B. had visited

1. C。本题考查的是虚拟语气的用法，or是虚拟语气的信号词翻译为否则，后边的句子应该使用虚拟语气，又因为句尾有now，应该是用Would +原型。

2. D。此题考查的知识点是虚拟语气。without短语表示含蓄虚拟，要不是战争经历，海明威绝不会写出名著《永别了，武器》。

3. D。本题考查虚拟语气，I wish后面使用虚拟语气，和现在相反使用一般过去时。 4. D。句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信。本题考查虚拟语气，根据后半句“wouldn’t have believed ”可以判断是对过去的虚拟。所以从句是“if+主语+ had done”的形式。 5. D。本题考查的是虚拟语气的用法。句意：上周二我本希望能参加我姐姐的婚礼，但那时我在纽约出差。wish引导的宾语从句，表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用had+过去分词。 6. D。在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done的形式。句意：如果我们没有做好充分的准备，会议就不会这样成功。

7. D。本题关键是从时间状语yesterday知道是对过去的虚拟，前半句是个过去的客观事实“我们在那个小山村迷路”，otherwise否则，后半句是用对过去的虚拟would have done，答案为D项。对虚拟语气的做法主要是看时间状语或是看里面的关键词是对什么时间的虚拟，这就很容易了。 知识讲解

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虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。

虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用【链接：方芳 虚拟语气】

条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。非真实条件句的假设发生的可能性不大或者不可能发生，仅仅是对条件和结果的假设。 真实条件句：

If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic Oil floats if you pour it on water. 虚拟条件句的构成： 与现在事 实相反 与过去事 实相反 If 从 句 谓语动词用— 1. did 2. be动词用 were 谓语动词用— had + done 谓语动词用-- 与将来事 实相反 1. did/were 2. should do 3. were to do If everyone knew first aid, many lives would be saved. (与现在事实相反)

If the earthquake had happened in the desert, there would have been fewer deaths. (与过去事实相反)

If I were to have an eight-day holiday, I would go fishing. (与将来事实相反) If I were you, I would study much harder.

If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met her. If I should go there tomorrow, I would do it in my way. 注意：

1. 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。 If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance.

2. 有时，虚拟条件句中，主句和从句所指的时间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟语气或混合虚拟语气。主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。

If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. （条件为过去，结果为现在） If they had informed us, we would not come here now.

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主 句 谓语动词用— should/would/ could/ might + do 谓语动词用— should/would/could/ might +have + done 谓语动词用— should/would/ could/ might + do 精品文档 用心整理

If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. （条件为现在，结果为过去） If he knew her, he would have greeted her.

If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. （条件为过去，结果为将来）

3. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：

Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. Were she here, she would agree with us.

Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.

4. 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而隐含在某些介词短语中，如without, but for, otherwise, or, but, given, supposing等，或上下文里，叫做含蓄虚拟结构。 I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. But for his help, we would be working now.

Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.

I was busy yesterday, otherwise/or (=If I hadn’t been busy) I would have attended Mr. Wang’s lecture.

陈述事实 + otherwise + 虚拟语气 虚拟语气 + but +陈述事实

虚拟语气在其它状语从句中的应用 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气

1. 在for fear that, in case引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should /could/ might等 + 动词原形；lest引导的目的状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气，为“should + 动词原形”或省略should。

She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. He started out earlier lest he should be late. Bring some money in case you should use it.

在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。

He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.

2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气：在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如： Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.

3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气：as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。 表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时

The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. （这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）

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表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时

I felt as though we had known each other for years. （其实并没有认识多年） 表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could/should + 动词原形 It looks as if it might rain. （不大可能下雨） 主语从句中的虚拟语气

在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。 常用句型：

1. It be + adj. + that … (surprising / important / strange /necessary / natural …) 2. It be + n. + that … (a pity / a shame / no wonder…)

3. It be + -ed + that … (suggested / requested / desired / proposed …)

宾语从句中的虚拟语气

1. advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。

注意：当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。

2. wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如: 与现在事实相反: wish + (that) +did (were) I wish I were as healthy as you. I wish that I had a plane.

与过去事实相反: wish + (that) +had done I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish you had written to him.

与将来事实相反: wish + would/could/might + do I wish he would forgive me.

3. would rather/ had rather/ would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 与过去事实相反：had + 过去分词； 与现在事实相反：过去时(be 用were ) 与将来事实相反：过去时(be 用were ) I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. I’d rather you were here now. We’d rather you went here tomorrow.

表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气

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表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan,

proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。 一“坚持”：insist

二“命令”：order, command

四“建议”：advise, suggest, propose, recommend 六“要求”：demand, require, request, desire, urge, ask

We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully.

定语从句中的虚拟语气

表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. It is high time you should go to work.

只保留从句的虚拟语气

What if … 要是……怎么办？

What if I should fail? (= What should I do if I should fail?) If only … 要是……就好了。

If only I were 20 years younger. (= It would be better if I were 20 years younger.) If you would … 如果你愿意……

If you would open your book. (= Please open your book.)

含蓄虚拟条件句

所谓含蓄虚拟条件句，即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句。这类用法主要见于以下七种方式：

1. 将条件隐含在不定式短语中

I should be happy to go with you. (=I should be happy if I could go with you.)

To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. (=if you have studied harder, you…)

2. 将条件隐含在分词短语中

Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. (=If he had been born in better times, he …) Failing this time, what would you do？ (=If you failed this time, what…) 3. 将条件隐含在介词短语中

Without air, no one could live. (=If there were no air, no one could live.)

But for his help, he would have failed. (=If it hadn’t been for his help, he would have failed.) 4. 将条件隐含在名词短语中

A true friend would not have betrayed me. (=If he had been a true friend, he would…)

A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. (If you had come a few hours

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earlier, you…)

5. 将条件隐含在某些连词(如or, or else, otherwise等)中：

I didn’t know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldn’t have believed him. (or else=if I had known he was a cheat))

I’m really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. (otherwise=if I were not so busy))

6. 将条件隐含在定语从句中

Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. (=If anyone had seen that painting…)

7. 将条件隐含在一定的上下文中

Don’t bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. (=…If you read all these papers, it would take too long)

高考常考的虚拟语气

一、考查直接条件虚拟语气

指句子中含有if引导的条件句，并且这个条件与事实不符，这时要注意主从句对应的时间，判断是否错综的虚拟语气，并进一步确定主句和从句的谓语形式。 If I had told you earlier, you would not have to walk here now. 本句的主句时间和时间不一致，判断这是错综的虚拟语气，因此从句按照“与过去事实相反”，用过去完成时态；主句按照“和现在事实相反”，用would 加动词原形。 二、考查隐含条件虚拟语气

这时首先需要分析这个条件隐含在句子的什么成分或表达力；然后考虑如何将隐含条件转换成明显的条件，从而判断主句和（或）从句的谓语形式。 三、考查固定句式类虚拟语气

英语中有些固定句式通常要与虚拟语气连用，如but for, would rather, it is time that…, I wish…, if only等。他们各种所带虚拟语气的形式不一样，例如It’s time…that的从句谓语通常用过去时；would rather后接从句时，从句通常用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去等等，这时需要事先牢记各种句型的固定格式。

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