一、高考英语阅读理解专项训练 1．阅读理解
Book: No Looking Back Author: Shivani Gupta
Shivani had thrown a party one evening and awoke the next morning in hospital because of a car crash. It took Shivani years of pain, struggle and determination to regain control of her life and her body. Then tragedy struck again. As the newly-married Shivani drove to Manali with her family, a truck crashed into her car. Shivani refused to give in-she wouldn't let her injury keep her from achieving her ambitions. Book: Courage Beyond Compare Author: Sanjay Sharma
The 10 sportspersons in the book are champions in diverse fields like athletics, swimming, and badminton, who have brought glory to the country. They overcame their physical limitations to reach the top of their chosen fields. Book: Face to Face Author: Ved Mehta
Blind since the age of four, the author led a lonely childhood in India until he was accepted to the Arkansas School for the Blind, to which he flew alone at 15. America and the school changed his life, leading him to degrees at Oxford and Harvard and a fruitful writing career. Book: This Star Won's Go Out Author: Lori and Wayne Earl
Diagnosed with cancer at 12, Esther Earl was a bright and talented, but very normal teenager. She lived a hope-filled and generous life. A cheerful, positive and encouraging daughter, sister and friend, Esther died in 2010, shortly after turning 16, but not before inspiring thousands through her growing online presence.
（1）The book No Looking Back mainly talks about________. A. an unlucky girl who experienced two car accidents B. 10 disabled athletes who are champions in sports field C. a successful author who was blind during his childhood D. an inspiring teenager who died of cancer
（2）When reading the book written by Sanjay Sharma, we will______. A.find the author is a sports lover B.get inspired by the sportspersons' spirits C.be proud to be a sportsperson D.find sportspersons are full of power
（3）In which book does the author tell of himself? A.Face to Face B.This Star Won't Go Out C.Courage Beyond Compare D.No Looking Back
【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四本书及其作者和书的简介。
（1）考查段落大意。根据 Book: No Looking Back部分中的“Shivani had thrown a party one evening and awoke the next morning in hospital because of a car crash.”和第三句“Then tragedy struck again. As the newly-married Shivani drove to Manali with her family, a truck crashed into her car.”一天晚上Shivani举行一个聚会，等她醒来时发现自己由于车祸住进了医院。然后悲剧再次发生，当新婚的Shivani开车带家人去Manali时，一辆卡车和她的车相撞，可知，这本书主要讲述了经历两次车祸的不幸女孩Shivani的故事。故选A。
（2）考查推理判断。根据Book: Courage Beyond Compare部分中的“They overcame their physical limitations to reach the top of their chosen fields.”这些运动员克服身体局限达到他们自己所选择领域的顶峰，可知，我们会从这些运动员不屈不挠的精神中获得鼓舞。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据Book: Face to Face部分中的“Blind since the age of four, the author led a lonely childhood in India until he was accepted to the Arkansas School for the Blind,”作者自从四岁时失明，在印度他度过了孤独的童年，最终考取了Arkansas盲人学校，可知，在书中作者讲述自己的故事。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．阅读理解
If you follow these insider tips, your photos will look like you had the place to yourself at the popular tourist attractions. Vatican Museums: Vatican City
The Vatican draws more than five million people each year, and queues can reach four hours during peak season. Christie Hudson, senior communications manager at Expedia, recommends, choosing a skip-the-1ine tour. \"This not only lets you avoid the ticket counter, but also includes the use of a private partner entrance.\" Extra time to visit the Sistine Chapel? Yes! Bamboo Forest: Kyoto, Japan
Bamboo Forest is the most worthy sight in Kyoto. If you're longing to enjoy the pathways and take pictures in total quietness, Kyoto Arashiyama Travel Guide recommends hitting the famous Bamboo Grove Path as early in the morning as possible—think 7 a.m. if you're up for it. Don't miss these hidden treasures you can only witness in Japan. Chichen Itza: Yucatán, Mexico
Home to E1 Castillo and the Temple of the Warriors, Chichen Itza is a must-see. Want to beat the rush? Schedule an early tour that takes place before a site opens to the public. Led by an archaeologist guide, it's full of fascinating insights and facts—without tons of pack-wearing tourists.
Louvre Museum: Paris, France
The Louvre is one of the most popular museums on the planet. If waiting around in line to get in isn't the way you prefer to spend your time in Paris, consider purchasing a reserved ticket. This will give you entry to the pyramid within a half-hour window. The Louvre is also open until 9:45 p. m. on Wednesdays and Fridays, if you're up for some late-night art visits. （1）What is recommended at Vatican Museums by Christie Hudson? A. Queuing four hours. B. Jumping the waiting line. C. Taking a skip-the-line tour. D. Visiting the Sistine Chapel. （2）Which of the following are available for early tourists to avoid the rush? A. Vatican Museums and Bamboo Forest. B. Chichen Itza and Bamboo Forest. C. Bamboo Forest and Louvre Museum. D. Chichen Itza and Louvre Museum. （3）Who might this passage be intended for?
A. Visitors interested in museums. B. Guides at the tourist attractions. C. People at the ticket counter. D. Tourists to beat the rush. 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四个旅游景点，提供给“赶在高峰之前到达的游客”。
（1）考查细节理解。根据Vatican Museums:Vatican City部分中的“The Vatican draws more than five million people each year，and queues can reach four hours during peak season.Christie Hudson，senior communications manager at Expedia，recommends，choosing a skip-the-1ine tour.”可知，Christie Hudson在Vatican Museums中推荐aking a skip-the-line tour.故选C。 （2）考查推理判断。根据Bamboo Forest:Kyoto，Japan部分中的“...Kyoto Arashiyama Travel Guide recommends hitting the famous Bamboo Grove Path as early in the morning as possible和Chichen Itza:Yucatán，Mexico中Want to beat the rush? Schedule an early tour that takes place before a site opens to the public.”可知，为避免高峰Chichen Itza 和Bamboo Forest是为早期游客提供的。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第一段“If you follow these insider tips，your photos will look like you had the place to yourself at the popular tourist attractions.”可知，这篇文章可能是写给“为赶在高峰之前到达的游客”。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇广告类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
3．阅读理解
The Art Institute of Chicago
Visiting time
The museum is open daily 10:30 am-5:00 pm. The museum and its shops are closed on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day. Highlights of the Art Institute American Art
Discover how artists have expressed the many aspects of the American experience through the rich variety of this collection. This tour might include the works of artists like Paul Revere, Winslow Homer, and Georgia O'Keeffe. Impressionism: Monet, Degas, Renoir and More
Learn about the color and excitement of late 19th-century life as you view one of the most admired collections of French Impressionism in the world. Hidden Histories
Hear stories about artists and their artworks that may be overlooked or under-appreciated for one reason or another These could be very small or out-of-the-way works. For families with children
With free admission for kids under 14 and Chicago teens under 18, the Art Institute is the perfect place for a creative outing with the whole family.
Visit the Family Room in the Ryan Education Center, and introduce your children to the museum's collections with a variety of activities. Assemble (组装)puzzles based on masterpieces in the museum, build architectural wonders with colorful blocks, and learn about art through stories and games. Food is available at an on-site cafe. (Outside food is not allowed to be brought in.)
（1）What can visitors learn from Hidden Histories?
A. The early stories of some famous artists. B. The artworks of some potential artists. C. Some stories about less-known artists. D. Some artworks by famous creators. （2）What can children do in the Family Room?
A. Practice storytelling skills. B. Decorate some masterpieces. C. Enjoy their home-made food. D. Take part in various activities. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了芝加哥美术馆的参观时间、美术馆的亮点、隐藏的历史，同时还有针对有孩子的家庭的活动。
（1）考查细节理解。根据Hidden Histories部分中的“Hear stories about artists and their artworks that may be overlooked or under-appreciated for one reason or another.”，参观者可以了解到一些被忽视的、被低估的鲜为人所知的艺术家的故事和作品。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据 For families with children部分中的”…… introduce your children to the museum's collections with a variety of activities …“可知，在这里孩子们能参加各种各样的活动。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
4．阅读理解
It was just before 8 a.m. on October 17, 2010.She'd checked the higher summits forecast posted by the Mount Washington Observatory before she left. Based on her experience, Bales knew that her hike was realistic. Besides, she had two plans and extra layers of clothing to better regulate her temperature as conditions changed.
At 10:30 a.m., the weather was showing its teeth. Bales added even more layers, including a jacket to protect herself from the cold winds and heavy fog. She made her way across the snow—covered ridge toward Mount Washington and began to think about calling it a day. Then she noticed something: a single set of footprints in the snow ahead of her. She'd been following faint tracks all day and hadn't given them much thought, because so many people climbed Jewell Trail. But these, she realized, had been made by a pair of sneakers. She silently scolded the absent hiker for breaking normal safety rules and walked on.
Now she felt genuinely alarmed. She was sure the hiker could not navigate(找到方向)in the low visibility and was heading straight toward the challenging trails of the Great Gulf Wilderness. Bales stood there, shocked. The temperature and clouds were in a race to find their lowest point, and darkness was mere hours away. If Bales continued to follow the tracks, she'd add risk and time to the route she'd already adjusted to manage both. But she could not let this go. She turned to the left and called out, \"Hello!\" into the frozen fog.
Bales wouldn't get an answer until a week later, when the president of her rescue group received a letter in the mail. It read: \"I hope this reaches the right group of rescuers. I want to remain anonymous(匿名的), but I was called John. On Sunday, October 17, I went up my favorite trail, Jewell, to end my life. Weather was to be bad. Thought no one else would be there. I was dressed to go quickly. Next thing I knew this lady was talking to me, changing my clothes, giving me food, making me warmer.\"
（1）What does the underlined sentence mean? A.The weather began to get worse. B.Nobody controlled the weather. C.Weather could never be predicted. D.Weather was generally changeable.
（2）Why did Bales feel really frightened? A.Because she lost her way completely. B.Because the terrible weather was on the way. C.Because she was blinded by the frozen fog.
D.Because she was convinced that someone was in trouble. （3）What is the purpose of John's hiking? A.To challenge his limit. B.To go up his favorite trail.
C.To donate some money to rescue group. D.To kill himself without being discovered. 【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，贝尔斯在天气恶劣时去登山，无意发现一串往危险区域行进的脚印，她知道有人陷入了困境。尽管很害怕，尽管天气情况很糟糕，她还是跟着脚印继续前进，最终救了那个人。一周后才知道那人名叫约翰，当时准备自杀。 （1）考查句义猜测。根据第二段中的“Bales added even more layers, including a jacket to protect herself from the cold winds and heavy fog.可知贝尔斯增加更多的衣服来保护自己免受寒风和浓雾的侵袭，由此推断划线部分的意思是“天气正在变得更糟”。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Now she felt genuinely alarmed. She was sure the hiker could not navigate(找到方向)in the low visibility and was heading straight toward the challenging trails of the Great Gulf Wilderness.“可知贝尔斯看到脚印后非常害怕，因为她知道有人无法导航，这个人正在向海湾区域前进，那是最具挑战性的线路，即贝尔斯确信有人遇上麻烦了，所以她感到害怕。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的”On Sunday, October 17, I went up my favorite trail, Jewell, to end my life. Weather was to be bad. Thought no one else would be there. I was dressed to go quickly.”可知，约翰这天选择这条线路去登山的目的是在没人看见的情况下结束自己的生命，所以他穿的很少，以便快速行走。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和句义猜测两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。
5．阅读理解
When Shakespeare was twenty-one, he went to London, a very interesting place, to try his fortune.
There was the famous London Bridge and St. Paul's Cathedral, and palaces and markets and long streets full of shops.
Then, too, there were the daily crowds where could be seen people from all over the world. Knights, scholars and the highwayman (拦路强盗）or thieves, who had been infamous for their clever robberies, passed by each other.
Here, also, were noblemen dressed in gold, from Italy and Spain and France; slaves from Spanish America, sea captains and ministers, soldiers and servants—all held by chances or interests within the gray walls which circled London, and whose gates gave welcome to as strange a crowd as could be found in the world.
Into this curious crowd came Shakespeare, quick to see and eager to learn. And before long all these strange sights were as familiar to him as the faces of his own town's residents. Each one told its story to him so plainly that, as before he had learned the secrets of the fields and woods, so now he learned men and men's interests that make up the great world.
And he learned these lessons so well that when he came to write his plays, he made such use of them as no writer ever made before or since; for it is the use of this knowledge of the world, combined with his own genius, that makes Shakespeare the greatest dramatist that has ever lived. （1）What was London like in Shakespeare's eyes when he first went there? A. Dirty and small. B. Strange and interesting. C. Infamous and terrible. D. Familiar and modern.
（2）Which of the following best describes Shakespeare? A. Shakespeare got inspiration to write from his hometown, London. B. Shakespeare was eager to make friends with the noblemen in London. C. Shakespeare was good at observing and learning from the daily life. D. Shakespeare became the greatest dramatist owing to his own genius. （3）What does the word \"one\" in paragraph 5 refer to?
A. Crowd. B. Resident. C. Face. D. Sight. （4）The passage probably comes from______.
A. a poster B. a textbook C. an advertisement D. an announcement 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）D （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇名人轶事，介绍了文学大师莎士比亚年轻时去到伦敦第一天时遇到 的 有趣的事情。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“a very interesting place”和第五段中的“all these strange sights”可知，在 Shakespeare 的眼中，伦敦是一个有趣而陌生的城市。故选B。 （2）考查推理判断。根据第五段可知，Shakespeare来到伦敦不久之后，通过观察和学习了解了伦敦，并适应了那里的生活，由此可推断出，Shakespeare擅长观察日常生活并从中学习。故选C。
（3）考查代词指代。根据第五段中的“as before he had learned the secrets of the fields and woods”正如他以前所学到的田野和树林的秘密那样，可知，one指的是\"像田野和树林一样的景象\"。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。本文主要讲述了莎士比亚到伦敦的经历，所以这篇文章最有可能出现在一本教材中。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，代词指代和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇人物类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
6．阅读理解
Microsoft announced this week that its facial-recognition system is now more accurate in identifying people of color, touting (吹嘘)its progress at tackling one of the technology's biggest biases (偏见).
But critics, citing Microsoft's work with Immigration and Customs Enforcement, quickly seized on how that improved technology might be used. The agency contracts with Microsoft for cloud-computing tools that the tech giant says is largely limited to office work but can also include face recognition.
Columbia University professor Alondra Nelson tweeted, \"We must stop confusing 'inclusion' in more 'diverse' surveillance (监管)systems with justice and equality.\"
Facial-recognition systems more often misidentify people of color because of a long-running
data problem: The massive sets of facial images they train on skew heavily toward white men. A Massachusetts Institute of Technology study this year of the face-recognition systems designed by Microsoft, IBM and the China-based Face++ found that facial-recognition systems consistently giving the wrong gender for famous women of color including Oprah Winfrey, Serena Williams, Michelle Obama and Shirley Chisholm, the first black female member of Congress.
The companies have responded in recent months by pouring many more photos into the mix, hoping to train the systems to better tell the differences among more than just white faces. IBM said Wednesday it used 1 million facial images, taken from the photo-sharing site Flickr, to build the \"world's largest facial data-set\" which it will release publicly for other companies to use. IBM and Microsoft say that allowed its systems to recognize gender and skin tone with much more precision. Microsoft said its improved system reduced the error rates for darker-skinned men and women by \"up to 20 times,\" and reduced error rates for all women by nine times. Those improvements were heralded(宣布)by some for taking aim at the prejudices in a rapidly spreading technology, including potentially reducing the kinds of false positives that could lead police officers misidentify a criminal suspect.
But others suggested that the technology's increasing accuracy could also make it more marketable. The system should be accurate, \"but that's just the beginning, not the end, of their ethical obligation,\" said David Robinson, managing director of the think tank Upturn.
At the center of that debate is Microsoft, whose multimillion-dollar contracts with ICE came under fire amid the agency's separation of migrant parents and children at the Mexican border. In an open letter to Microsoft chief executive Satya Nadella urging the company to cancel that contract, Microsoft workers pointed to a company blog post in January that said Azure Government would help ICE \"accelerate recognition and identification.\" \"We believe that Microsoft must take an ethical stand, and put children and families above profits,\" the letter said. A Microsoft spokesman, pointing to a statement last week from Nadella, said the company's \"current cloud engagement\" with ICE supports relatively anodyne(温和的)office work such as \"mail, calendar, massaging and document management workloads.\" The company said in a statement that its facial-recognition improvements are \"part of our going work to address the industry-wide and societal issues on bias.\"
Criticism of face recognition will probably expand as the technology finds its way into more arenas, including airports, stores and schools. The Orlando police department said this week that it would not renew its use of Amazon. com's Rekognition system.
Companies \"have to acknowledge their moral involvement in the downstream use of their technology,\"
Robinson said. \"The impulse is that they're going to put a product out there and wash their hands of the consequences. That's unacceptable.\"
（1）What is \"one of the technology's biggest biases\" in Paragraph 1? A. Class bias. B. Regional difference. C. Professional prejudice. D. Racial discrimination.
（2）What can we know about the improvement of facial-recognition technology? A. Justice and equality have been truly achieved.
B. It is due to the expansion of the photo database. C. It has already solved all the social issues on biases.
D. The separation of immigrant parents from their children can be avoided. （3）What is the focus of the face-recognition debate?
A. Data problems. B. The market value. C. The application field. D. A moral issue. （4）What is David Robinson's attitude towards facial-recognition technology? A. Skeptical. B. Approval. C. Optimistic. D. Neutral. （5）We can infer from the last paragraph that Robinson thinks _____. A. companies had better hide from responsibilities B. companies deny problems with its technical process C. companies should not launch new products on impulse
D. companies should be responsible for the new product and the consequences （6）Which can be the suitable title for the passage?
A. The wide use of Microsoft system B. Fears of facial-recognition technology C. The improvement of Microsoft system D. Failure of recognizing black women 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）D （4）A （5）D （6）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，微软面部识别技术改进了肤色识别，宣布其人脸识别技术将会更加精确，但是人们却认为它会带来更大的问题，希望微软把道德置于其利润之上，并且能够为产品以及其带来的后果负责。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段”Microsoft announced this week that its facial-recognition system is now more accurate in identifying people of color, touting (吹嘘）its progress at tackling one of the technology's biggest biases (偏见).“可知微软面部识别技术改进了肤色识别，吹嘘它可以解决该技术最大的偏见，由此可以推断该项技术在人种肤色上有偏见，也就是种族歧视。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的”The companies have responded in recent months by pouring many more photos into the mix, hoping to train the systems to better tell the differences among more than just white faces.“可知那些公司通过在原有照片中加入更多的照片，通过训练系统，从而提升系统的识别能力，即通过扩充照片数据库来提升系统的识别能力。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第九段中的”At the center of that debate is Microsoft, whose multimillion-dollar contracts with ICE came under fire amid the agency's separation of migrant parents and children at the Mexican border.“；和第十段中的”We believe that Microsoft must take an ethical stand, and put children and families above profits“可知对微软人脸识别技术的争论中心是，它会把墨西哥边缘的移民父母和孩子分开，且人们认为微软必须坚守道德底线，将儿童和家庭置于其利润之上，故推断目前对于脸部识别技术争论的焦点是道德问
题。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 \"The impulse is that they're going to put a product out there and wash their hands of the consequences. That's unacceptable.\"可知Robinson认为他们推出了一种产品然后对其后果撒手不管，这是让人难以接受的。故推断Robinson对人脸识别技术是不支持的。故选A。
（5）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 \"The impulse is that they're going to put a product out there and wash their hands of the consequences. That's unacceptable.\"可知Robinson认为他们推出了一种产品然后对其后果撒手不管，这是让人难以接受的。故推断Robinson认为公司应该对自己的产品和产品带来的后果负责到底。故选D。
（6）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文讲述了人们怀疑改进之后的人脸识别技术会带来更多的问题，比如种族歧视和置墨西哥孩子的利益于不顾。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
7．阅读理解
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people's wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g. \"I volunteer because it's important to me\") to an external factor (e.g. \"I volunteer because I'm required to do so\"). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to \"training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience\".
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view \"volunteer\" as an important social role. It was assumed that those
people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as \"Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.\" Consistent with the researchers' expectations, they found a positive correlation(正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: \"Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity....Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity\".
（1）People volunteer mainly out of __________. A. academic requirements B. social expectations C. financial rewards D. internal needs （2）What can we learn from the Florida study? A.Follow-up studies should last for one year. B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared. C.Strategy training is a must in research. D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.
（3）What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work? A.Individual differences in role identity. B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts. C.Role identity as a volunteer. D.Practical advice from researchers.
（4）What is the best title of the passage? A.How to Get People to Volunteer B.How to Study Volunteer Behaviors C.How to Keep Volunteers' Interest D.How to Organize Volunteer Activities 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）C （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了怎样让人们去做志愿者的一些方法。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“…people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness，to expand their range of experiences，and to strengthen social relationships．”可知，人们做志愿工作主要是出于表达无私的个人价值观、拓展自身的经验、加强社会关系等内在需求。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“The researchers note that attention should be given to ‘training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience．'”可知，这一研究告诉人们要注意让志愿者为棘手情况作准备，要给他们提供应对问题的策略，即让志愿者有精神准备去应
对棘手情况和问题等。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work．”可知，激励志愿者不断参与志愿者工作的是作为一名志愿者的角色认同。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段“Suppose you become a leader in an organization．It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities．To do so，it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work．”可知，文章是为想找志愿者的组织领导者提供意见，并从两个方面展开，说明想让人们去做志愿者首先要了解人们做志愿者的动机，还要知道人们是依靠什么维持对志愿工作的兴趣。由此可知，本文通篇围绕着如何让人们去做志愿者这一话题。故选A。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息。同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。
8．阅读理解
Mars(火星) appears to be flowing with small streams of salty water, at least in the summer, scientists reported Monday. \"It suggests that it would be possible for there to be life today on Mars,\" NASA's science mission chief, John Grunsfeld, said at a news conference on September 28, 2015.
The streams are about 12 to 15 feet wide and 300 feet or more long, scientists said. \"What we're dealing with is wet soil, thin layers of wet soil, not standing water,\" said Aifred McEwen of the University of Arizona at Tueson, the principal scientist for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's high-resolution imaging experiment.
Because liquid water is essential to life, the findings could have major implications for the possibility of Martian life. The researchers said further exploration is needed to determine whether microscopic life exists on the planet.
The presence of liquid water could also make life easier for astronauts visiting or living on Mars. Water could be used for drinking and for creating oxygen and rocket fuel. NASA's goal is to send humans there in the 2030s.
The evidence of flowing water consists largely of dark, narrow streaks(条痕) on the surface that tend to appear and grow during the warmest Martian months and fade the rest of the year. Mars is extremely cold even in summer, and the streaks are in places where the temperature is as low as minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit. But salt can lower the freezing point of water and melt ice.
The source of the water is a mystery. Scientists noted it could be melting ice. It could be an underground aquifer, which is rock or sand that can hold water. It is possibly water vapor from the thin Martian atmosphere. Or it may be a combination Michael Meyer, lead scientist for NASA's Mars exploration program, said the only definitive way for now to determine whether there's life on Mars is to collect rocks and soil for analysis on Earth—something a U. S. lander set for lift-off in 2020 will do.
（1）According to John Grunsfeld, there seems to be on Mars.
A. salty water B. standing water C. rocket fuel D. human beings （2）Scientists are uncertain about the of the water on Mars. A.state B.source C.temperature D.taste
（3）What matters to the existence of liquid water on Mars? A.The distance from the sun B.The favorable climate C.The gravity of the earth D.The salt in it
（4）What would be the best title for the text? A.Streams of Water Spotted on Mars B.Astronauts will Land on Mars C.NASA's Mars Exploration Program D.A Breakthrough in the Exploration of Mars 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）D （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了火星上有水的迹象，进而推断火星上可能有生命，但是水的来源仍旧是一个迷。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Mars(火星) appears to be flowing with small streams of salty water,”火星上好像有含盐的小溪在流动。可知，火星上好像有盐水。故选A。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第七段中的“The source of the water is a mystery. ”水的来源是个迷，可知，科学家还不确定水的来源。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第六段“Mars is extremely cold even in summer, and the streaks are in places where the temperature is as low as minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit. But salt can lower the freezing point of water and melt ice.”即使在夏天火星也极其寒冷，在温度达到零下10华氏度的地方水纹还存在。但是盐可以降低水的结冰点并融化冰。可知，水里的盐决定了火星上液体水的存在。故选D。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Mars(火星) appears to be flowing with small streams of salty water,”火星上好像有含盐的小溪在流动。可知，“在火星看到了溪水”适合做本文最佳标题。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。
9．阅读理解
The mayor of Flint offered Miss Michigan Emily Sioma high praise on Tuesday for speaking out at this weekend's Miss America conference about the city's water crisis.
\"I was really excited for her to do that,\" Mayor Karen Weaver told TMZ. \"I think she was very brave because so many times you say who you are and where you're from and just general information. For her to take that opportunity and use her platform and use her voice to speak up about what's going on in Michigan and in Flint, in particular, was just amazing.\"
Emily Sioma, 24, introduced herself on stage on Sunday by saying, \"From the state with 84 percent of the U. S. fresh water but none for its residents to drink. I am Miss Michigan Emily Sioma.\" The brief 'speech was a reference to Flint, a town with lead-filled drinking water. Weaver said Sioma's decision to speak about the Flint water crisis demonstrated her impressive character. \"I applaud her for being a brave young woman. And it also shows you that she's not a selfish person,\" Weaver said. \"She could have talked only about herself, but she chose to use this opportunity to bring attention to, and keep attention on, what's going on in Flint, what's going on with water quality standards what's going on with this broken infrastructure(基础设施) that we have across the country. \"
Ratings showed that 4. 3 million viewers watched the ABC program. Although Miss New York Nia Imani Franklin ultimately won the competition, many Twitter users quickly got behind Sioma, who did not make the final 15, after her introduction.
\"Emily Sioma wanted to make an impact,\" one Twitter user wrote on Sunday. Regardless of whether you agree with what she said or not- she is shining light on a pressing issue that we have in our state and that is still not solved. That is a Miss America.\"
（1）What does the underlined word \"water crisis\" refer to in Paragraph 1? A.Water transportation. B.Water shortage. C.Water reservation. D.Water quality.
（2）How does the mayor find Emily Sioma? A.Curious and cautious. B.Brave and unselfish. C.Proud and admirable. D.Talkative and outgoing.
（3）What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 5? A.Summarize the previous paragraphs. B.Introduce the ABC program. C.Emphasize Sioma's influence. D.Add some background information.
（4）Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A.The Mayor of Flint B.A Twitter Voice C.The ABC Competition D.A Miss America
【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）C （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，Sioma在一次会议中大胆地提出了美国大城市用水质量存在的问题，Flint市的高度赞扬了她并认为她是一个勇敢且大公无私的人，网上的人们也表达了对此事的看法。
（1）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“From the state with 84 percent of the U. S. fresh water but none for its residents to drink”该州拥有美国84%的淡水，但却没有可供居民饮用的水；和第四段中的“she chose to use this opportunity to bring attention to, and keep attention on, what's going on in Flint, what's going on with water quality standards”她选择利用这个机会来引起人们的注意，并持续关注Flint正在发生的事情，水质标准正在发生的事情， 可推知,Sioma在会议中提出了美国城市面临的水质问题,由此可知,此处画线词water crisis应指美国城市的水质问题，与D项意思相近。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“I applaud her for being a brave young woman. And it also shows you that she's not a selfish person.”我为她的勇敢喝彩。这也表明她不是一个自私的人。可知,认为Emily Sioma是一个勇敢时且大公无私的人。 故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。通读第五段可知，虽然Sioma没有获得冠军,但是有许多人都支持她。再结合第六段中的 “Emily Sioma wanted to make an impact,” Emily Sioma想要制造影响；以及” one Twitter user wrote on Sunday. Regardless of whether you agree with what she said or not she is shining light on a pressing issue\"一名Twitter用户周日写道。不管你是否同意她所说的，她正在解决一个紧迫的问题）可推知，作者写第五段主要是为了强调Sioma的影响力。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知,本文介绍了Sioma大胆地提出了美国大城市用水质量存在的问题, Flint市高度赞扬了她。再根据最后一段中的“she is shining light on a pressing issue that we have in our state and that is still not solved. That, is a Miss America.”她在我们州的一个紧迫问题上发出了希望之光，而这个问题仍然没有得到解决。这就是美国小姐。可知，选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
10．阅读理解
Harvard Pre-College Program
SESSION I: 2019 college experience.
SESSION II: 2019 SESSION III: 2019 June 23 — July 5, July 7 — July 19, July 21 — August 2, Our summer program for high school students is designed to pave the way for a successful
HERE YOU CAN: Learn without limits
Pursue your interests in courses focusing on physics, law, writing, philosophy, and a dozen other subjects. Live at Harvard
You will live in a historic undergraduate house near Harvard Square. Your plan covers three meals a day, seven days a week. Have fun outside the classroom
You might enjoy a Cirque du Sileil performance, a Red Sox game at Fenway Park, or a trip to the Museum of Science. ELIGIBILITY (申请资格)
Students are academically motivated and will graduate in 2020 or 2021. TO APPLY
Complete an online application and provide the following materials: the $50 nonrefundable application fee; transcripts (成绩单) with fall 2018 grades; signed rules and regulations. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
Participants should apply for the B-2 tourist visa. If English is not your native language, submit scores from the TOEFLor IELTS language proficiency exam. APPLICATION TIPS
No fee is required to start your application. You will be asked to pay the application fee only upon submitting the application.
The scores of successful applicants are typically above 103 on the TOEFL with 25 on the written section or at least 7.5 on the IELTS with 7 on the written section.
Use a desktop or laptop. You will be asked to write short essays as part of your application. This may be challenging to do on a mobile phone.
You will receive an email informing you of the application status approximately three weeks after you have completed your application.
（1）Harvard organizes such a program to ______. A. reduce students' academic pressure B. select good students to join in Harvard C. make students obtain high grades in their study D. help students prepare for their future college life （2）What can we learn about the program? A. Students are offered three meals except weekends. B. It merely has two sessions during one summer. C. It provides courses on various subjects for students. D. Students can live in a hotel near Harvard.
（3）If you are a native student who wants to apply for the program, you need to provide ______.
A. a B-2 tourist visa B. transcripts with your fall 2018 grades
C. scores from the TOEFL exam D. a recommendation letter from your high school teacher
（4）The applicants can learn from the application tips that ______. A. their TOEFL or IELTS scores should meet the requirements B. the application fee should be paid before they start applying C. it is convenient to use any electronic products to apply D. they can check the application status in a week 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了哈佛大学帮助学生为大学生活做准备而开设的一个暑期项目的情况。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段”Our summer program for high school students is designed to pave the way for a successful college experience.“我们的高中生暑期项目是为成功的大学生活铺平道路的。）可知哈佛大学组织了这样一个项目来帮助学生为他们未来的大学生活做准备。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据Learn without limits部分中的”Pursue your interests in courses focusing on physics, law, writing, philosophy, and a dozen other subjects.“在物理、法律、写作、哲学和其他十几个学科上追求你的兴趣。可知项目为学生提供不同学科的课程。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据TO APPLY部分中的”Complete an online application and provide the following materials: the $50 nonrefundable application fee; transcripts (成绩单) with fall 2018 grades; signed rules and regulations.“完成网上申请，并提供以下材料:50美元的不可退还的申请费;2018年秋季成绩单;签署规章制度。可知如果你是本地学生，想要申请这个项目，你需要提供2018年秋季的成绩单。故选B。
（4）考查细节理解。根据APPLICATION TIPS部分中”* The scores of successful applicants are typically above 103 on the TOEFL with 25 on the written section or at least 7.5 on the IELTS with 7 on the written section.“成功申请者的托福成绩一般在103分以上，写作部分25分，雅思至少7.5分，写作部分7分。可知申请者可以从APPLICATION TIPS中了解到他们的托福或雅思成绩应该达到的分数要求。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
11．阅读理解
People speak English in different parts of the world. The same words can be used in different ways, depending on where you live. People can also have completely different ways of saying the same thing.
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is asking the public to help it add new words. Editors want to find the regional differences in English around the world. They want to expand its record of the language.
Last year, the OED, BBC Radio and the Forward Arts Foundation teamed up to find local words
in the United Kingdom. It resulted in more than 100 regional words and phrases being added to the dictionary. One was \"cuddy wifter\
Now, the OED is widening its search to English speakers around the world. Eleanor Maier, an editor at OED, said the response has been great. Editors are listing a bunch of suggestions to include in the dictionary.
These include Hawaii's \"hammajang\for a swimming costume, \"dookers\" or \"duckers\". It is used in Scotland.
The OED also might include the word \"frog-drowner\downpour of rain. Another possibility is \"brick\". It means \"very cold\" to people in New Jersey and New York City.
The dictionary has already found that, depending on location, a picture hanging off center might be described as \"agley\". It might also be called \"catawampous\" or \"ahoo\".
\"The OED aims to cover all types of English,\" Maier said. That includes scientific words, slang and regional language. Maier also said that it can be difficult for the OED's editors to identify regional words. The terms are more often spoken than written down.
The appeal is called Words Where You Are. It is looking for more suggestions. \"We were surprised and pleased by the number of regional words we were able to include,\" said Maier. （1）Which local word of the following most likely comes from one region of the United Kingdom?
A. Hammajang. B. Dookers. C. Catawampous. D. Frog-drowner. （2）What can be inferred from the passage?
A. It is challenging to create a complete collection of regional words. B. People are not enthusiastic about the appeal for regional words. C. Regional words are more used orally than in written form. D. Understanding regional words can be helpful when communicating.
（3）Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage? A. It's time to track where the local words come from. B. The same English words can be used to say different things. C. OED aims to expand its collection to attract locals.
D. OED will include more regional words from around the globe.
（4）Which part of a newspaper does this passage probably come from? A.Entertainment. B.Sports. C.Culture. D.Health. 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）D （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过举例，说明了不同的地方有很多地方性的语言，牛津词典正致力于将这些地方性的语言包含在它的字典之内。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“Another is the word for a swimming costume, ‘dookers’ or ‘duckers’. It is used in Scotland.”dookers 或duckers这个词用来指一种泳衣，主要在苏格兰地区使用，以及常识，苏格兰是英国的一部分，可知，Dookers这个词最可能来自于英国的一个地区。故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第八段中的“Maier also said that it can be difficult for the OED's editors to identify regional words. The terms are more often spoken than written down”Maier说识别地方性的词汇对于牛津字典的编辑来说是比较困难的。因为这些词经常为口头描述而没有被记录下来，可以推知搜集各地的地方性语言是一项比较困难的事情。故选A。 （3）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段中的“The appeal is called Words Where You Are. It is looking for more suggestions.”和全文可知，本篇文章主要讲述了牛津字典收集地方性词汇的意义以及进展情况，向大家介绍了这一个项目。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文的话题是牛津字典收集地方性词汇，是与文化中的语言相关的，所以我们可以推知这篇文章可能来源于报纸上的文化专栏部分。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
12．阅读理解
At 23 I applied for full-time positions with no intention of working five days a week. As a housewife, I had two pre-school children then but wanted to work three days a week.
This was a huge deal for me. I needed to work, but also wanted to spend time with my children while they were young. I didn't want to miss out on school drop-offs and pick-ups. But I also didn't want to miss out on the opportunity of promotion.
Before the interviews, I prepared a plan of how I was going to make this work for me and the employer. I saw it as a two-way agreement — the business adapting to me and me adapting to the business.
Finally I became a member of EY at 33. EY was the only firm that seemed receptive to my plan; in fact, we spent time during that first interview talking about how we could make it work together. Most importantly, the person interviewing me worked flexibly too — four days a week. I appreciated that I'm one of the lucky ones. Even 10 years on, flexible hiring and working remains the exception rather than the rule for most.
What will help shift views and behavior, in addition to organizations updating their hiring policies, is talking more openly about how most of us organize our day around our responsibilities. We all have a life outside of work and we shouldn't be embarrassed to talk about it, even during a job interview.
It's a change in the way of thinking, not just for employers but employees too. In the early days I was confident about my ability but I probably did have a preconception (先入之见) that working part-time would limit my career progression. What I quickly realized was that if I took responsibility for my development, I could make sure that I got the same opportunities as if I was
working full-time. So I offered solutions to how we could make it work, and it made me stand out. （1）Why did the author want a flexible job?
A. To balance her work and life. B. To have more time to relax. C. To avoid too much stress in life. D. To stand out as a special woman. （2）What perhaps made the author become a member of EY?
A. The time spent discussing her plan. B. Her relationship with the interviewer. C. Her great confidence in the interview. D. The interviewer's understanding her. （3）What does the author advise to apply for a flexible job? A. Trying to seize every opportunity one can get. B. Persuading the company to change its hiring policies. C. Being honest about one's personal life outside of work. D. Convincing the employer of one's responsibility for the job. （4）What can we infer about her job from the passage? A.It weakened her ability. B.It made her highly noticeable. C.It limited her career promotion. D.It caused her to earn less money. 【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）D （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者面试兼职工作时改变传统思路，脱颖而出获得机会，并以此而发表了自己的看法观点。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“This was a huge deal for me. I needed to work, but also wanted to spend time with my children while they were young.”这对我来说是一件大事。我需要工作，但也想在孩子们小的时候多陪陪他们。可知，作者需要弹性工作的原因是工作的同时又要照顾孩子，故选A。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“EY was the only firm that seemed receptive to my plan; in fact, we spent time during that first interview talking about how we could make it work together. Most importantly, the person interviewing me worked flexibly too — four days a week.”EY是唯一一家似乎接受我的计划的公司;事实上，在第一次面试的时候，我们花了很多时间来讨论如何让我们合作。最重要的是，面试我的那个人工作也很灵活——一周四天。可推知，EY面试官同样是灵活工作制，她/他能够理解作者的境遇。故选D。 （3）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的“What will help shift views and behavior, in addition to organizations updating their hiring policies, is talking more openly about how most of us organize our day around our responsibilities. We all have a life outside of work and we shouldn't be embarrassed to talk about it, even during a job interview.”除了更新招聘外，更公开地谈论我们大多数人如何围绕职责安排我们的一天，将有助于改变观点和行为。我们都有工作之外的生活，我们不应该羞于谈论它，即使是在面试的时候。可知，作者建议面试时讨论职责安排分配以使面试官相信自己的能力。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“What I quickly realized was that if I took responsibility for my development, I could make sure that I got the same opportunities as if I was working full-time. So I offered solutions to how we could make it work, and it made me stand out.”我很快意识到，如果我对自己的发展负责，我就能确保自己得到和全职工作一样的机会。所以我提出了解决方案，我们如何使它工作，这使我脱颖而出。可知，作者通过这次面试而改变思路，主动提出了灵活工作的解决方式而使自己引起注意，得到关注。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
13．阅读理解
A recent study finds that the dirt on the ground is likely to worsen climate change. Researchers have shown that warmer temperatures are heating the soil, which is causing microbes (微生物) to become more active and release more of the soil's carbon into the atmosphere. These soil changes can potentially contribute to even higher temperatures.
Scientists studied device readings, soil measurements, plant growth details and satellite observations from around the world. Their work is the most complete study on the subject. They found a sharp increase in carbon released into the atmosphere by bacteria and fungi (真菌) in soil from 1990 to 2014. Researchers explain that the carbon comes from the dead plants and leaves the microbes eat. As temperatures rise, the microbes eat more. And the more they eat, the more carbon can be made into carbon dioxide and released into the atmosphere.
This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and intensifies climate change. Overall, soil releases about nine times more carbon than human activities. But that is part of a natural cycle: the amount of carbon released into the air is about equal to the carbon oceans and plants take in.
However, carbon released from fossil fuel causes an imbalance. Burning coal, oil and natural gas puts more carbon into the atmosphere than nature can take in. The additional carbon heats the air and soil. And as the air and soil get hotter, the earth will release more carbon than it has been holding.
If something isn't done, we are really in trouble. Proper soil conservation can help keep more carbon in soil. Conservation methods include avoiding turning the soil, covering off-season crops and leaving crop deposits on the ground.
（1）Which word can best describe the scientists' research data? A.Rich. B.Rare. C.Limited. D.Difficult.
（2）What does the underlined word \"intensifies\" in Paragraph 4 mean? A.Causes. B.Demands. C.Strengthens. D.Shows.
（3）What mainly causes the soil's temperature to rise? A.Active bacteria. B.Human activities. C.The overuses of soil. D.The wastes of fossil fuels.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the passage? A.Warmer soil and more carbon. B.The soil and the environment. C.The microbes and the temperatures. D.Hotter air and warmer environment. 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人类燃烧燃料造成的土壤变化可能导致地球更高的温度。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Scientists studied device readings, soil measurements, plant growth details and satellite observations from around the world. Their work is the most complete study on the subject.”科学家们研究了来自世界各地的设备读数、土壤测量、植物生长细节和卫星观测数据。他们的工作是对这一课题最全面的研究。故选A。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“This uncontrolled cycle speeds up and intensifies climate change.”可知，and 为并列连词，即intensifies应与之前的speeds up 为同义词。speed up 意为“加速”，C项strengthen 意为“加强；增强”可为同义词。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“However, carbon released from fossil fuel causes an imbalance. Burning coal, oil and natural gas puts more carbon into the atmosphere than nature can take in. The additional carbon heats the air and soil. And as the air and soil get hotter, the earth will release more carbon than it has been holding”然而，化石燃料释放的碳造成了不平衡。燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气向大气中排放的碳超过了自然所能吸收的量。额外的碳使空气和土壤升温。随着空气和土壤变得越来越热，地球释放出的碳将超过它所承受的量。可知，人类的一系列燃烧燃料的行为是土壤温度上升的主要原因。故选B。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“soil changes can potentially contribute to even higher temperatures.”中间段落进行阐述分析原因和结果。末段提出了“Proper soil conservation can help keep more carbon in soil.”并提供了建议。因此标题关键词需有 soil, carbon等核心词。A项Warmer soil and more carbon.符合分析。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
14．阅读理解
During your four years in the college, you'll have many exciting choices to make, the first of
which will be your course selection for your first semester. The beauty of this choice is that you can't go wrong! No matter which one of our First-Year Options you select to apply for, you will create a rich intellectual experience to begin your college career. Option 1: Liberal Arts Seminar
The Liberal Arts Seminar is a multidisciplinary(多学科的)course that explores the cultural history of the Mediterranean through fictional and nonfictional books.
Fall schedule: When Registration opens, you will select between one and four additional courses to complete your schedule.
Option 2: FLL Hager Scholars Program
The FLL Hager Scholars Program is designed with our most ambitious students of languages and linguistics in mind, and is designed to create for them both a sense of community and opportunities for intellectual growth.
Fall schedule: When Registration opens, you will select between one and three additional courses to complete your schedule. Option 3: Ignatius Seminars
Offered only in the first semester, Ignatius Seminars introduce students to the depth and diversity of Georgetown's dynamic intellectual community.
Fall schedule: When Registration opens, you will select three or four additional courses to complete your schedule.
Option 4: Traditional First-Year Academic Program
With this program, you'll take your first step into the college's rich and varied core courses and explore your fields of interest in free optional coursework.
Fall schedule: When Registration opens, you will build a schedule of four or five additional courses from the full college curriculum.
（1）How do students learn the cultural history of the Mediterranean? A. By completing the schedule. B. By writing fictional books. C. By selecting l or 4 courses. D. By reading materials of this area. （2）Which program is suitable for a student interested in languages?
A. Option 1. B. Option 2. C. Option 3. D. Option 4. （3）What's a possible reason for choosing Option 4?
A. It is designed for language learners. B. It provides various courses for free. C. It introduces you to areas of interest. D. It is only offered in the first semester. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）C
【解析】【分析】本文是是一篇说明文，在大学的四年里，你会有很多令人兴奋的选择，第一个是你第一学期的课程选择。这个选择的美妙之处在于你不会出错！无论你选择申请哪一个，你都将为你的大学生涯创造一个丰富的智力体验。作者介绍了大学生对课程的四种选择。
（1）考查细节理解。根据Option 1:Liberal Arts Seminar部分中的“The Liberal Arts Seminar is a multidisciplinary（多学科的）course that explores the cultural history of the Mediterranean
through fictional and nonfictional books. ”人文学科研讨会是一门多学科课程，通过虚构和非虚构的书籍探索地中海的文化历史，可知，学生通过虚构和非虚构的书籍探索地中海的文化历史。由此可知，学生是通过阅读该地区的资料来学习地中海的文化历史的。故选D。 （2）考查细节理解。根据Option 2:FLL Hager Scholars Program部分中的“The FLL Hager Scholars Program is designed with our most ambitious students of languages and linguistics in mind, and is designed to create for them both a sense of community and opportunities for intellectual growth.”FLL Hager Scholars Program的设计初衷是为我们最具雄心的语言和语言学学生服务，旨在为他们创造一种社区感和智力成长的机会，可知，Option 2的设计初衷是为我们最具雄心的语言和语言学学生服务。可知，对语言感兴趣的学生可以选择Option 2:FLL Hager Scholars Program。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据Option 4: Traditional First-Year Academic Program部分中的“With this program, you'll take your first step into the college's rich and varied core courses and explore your fields of interest in free optional coursework.”有了这个项目，你将迈出你的第一步，进入大学丰富多样的核心课程，在自由选修课程中探索你感兴趣的领域。可知，Option 4在自由选修课程中探索你感兴趣的领域。可推知，Option 4能把你领进你感兴趣的领域，这应该是学生选择Option 4的原因。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
15．阅读理解
Some things should just be common knowledge by now. The Earth isn't flat. Nope, your hair and nails don't grow after you die. The holes at the top of Bic biro pens are there so that, if you swallow one accidentally, you can still breathe and won't choke to death. It's debatable whether that last one there is common knowledge or not. A quick Google search of the fact, rewritten as a question, shows articles addressing this point going back several years, with the latest (re)appearing just this week over on ScienceAlert. We suppose it's one of those things that come up from time to time, like what would happen if you attack Yellowstone with a nuclear weapon (not much, as it turns out).
If you jump over to Bic's website, under their FAQs (frequently asked questions), it quite clearly states: \"The reason that some BIC® pens have a hole in their cap is to prevent the cap from completely obstructing the airway if accidentally breathed in. This is requested by the international safety standards ISO11540, except for in cases where the cap is considered too large to be a choking risk.\"
That's rather lovely of them. In appreciation of their want to not kill off their more clumsy customers, we thought we'd share a few more random facts about Bic that are probably going to come up in a pub quiz one day. Did you know, for example, that each Bic ballpoint pen can produce at least 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) of ink before it begins to run out? In fact, in 2018, 7,250 kilometers (4,505 miles) of writing tests on such pens were carried out on ballpoint pens, gel pens(中性笔), and rollers to make sure they worked to the highest standard.
The best part of the Bic site, however, is this rather curious fact: \"100 percent of pen balls are
made through a highly-controlled process.\" As opposed to a highly uncontrolled process, involving explosions and bouncy castles and total chaos, we suppose. （1）Why does the author mention the case of Yellowstone? A. To list the facts. B. To prove his point.
C. To compare the two situations. D. To emphasize the importance of safety. （2）What does the underlined word \"obstructing\" in paragraph 2 mean? A. Block. B. Open. C. Transform. D. Narrow. （3）Why were the writing tests on pens carried out?
A. To work out their lifespan. B. To assure their good quality.
C. To prove some random facts. D. To compare different pens with each other. （4）In what tone does the author develop the text?
A. Critical. B. Acid. C. Humorous. D. Serious. 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）B （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，毕克笔的笔帽上有一个小孔是为了防止那些粗心的使用者不小心吞下而窒息死亡。这真是粗心使用者的生命通道。
（1）考查推理判断。毕克笔的笔帽上留一个小孔的原因，且这个问题会被偶尔问到，就像如果你用核武器攻击黄石公园会发生什么事这个问题一样，作者是在举例证明他的观点，故选B。
（2）考查词义猜测。此处意为当使用者不慎把笔帽吞下时，笔帽上的小孔就是为了阻止笔帽完全阻塞气管而引起窒息，故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\"In fact, in 2018, 7,250 kilometers (4,505 miles) of writing tests on such pens were carried out on ballpoint pens, gel pens(中性笔), and rollers to make sure they worked to the highest standard.\"可知，举行书写测试的目的是为了确保笔能够达到最高的标准，故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的\"Some things should just be common knowledge by now. The Earth isn't flat. Nope, your hair and nails don't grow after you die. \"和第三段中的\"That's rather lovely of them. In appreciation of their want to not kill off their more clumsy customers\"等作者的行文措辞可知，作者笔调轻松幽默，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
16．阅读理解
When you live in total messiness—cookies in your pants draws, and some old New Yorkers or apple seeds in your bed—it's hard to know where to look for when you lose your keys. The other day, after two weeks of searching, I found my keys in the refrigerator. I can't say I was surprised. But I was surprised when I was diagnosed with ADHD(多动症), when I was a junior at Yale. According to a new study, 11% of school-age children have received an ADHD diagnosis, a 16%
increase since 2007. And rising diagnoses mean rising treatments—drugs like Adderall are more accessible than ever. However, the consequences of misuse and abuse of these drugs are dangerous.
Yet also harmful are the consequences of ADHD undiagnosed, an all-too-common story for women like me, who have symptoms, like disorganization and forgetfulness, which look different from those typically expressed in males.
Dr. Ellen, author of Understanding Girls with ADHD, has found around 4 million females with ADHD are not diagnosed. \"The main reason is that the diagnostic criteria were developed based on those hyperactive（过度活跃）young boys taken to clinics, making it difficult for girls to be diagnosed unless they behave like hyperactive boys.\" Ellen says.
Besides, the idea that young women actually have ADHD often causes skepticism. As a top student, I didn't believe my diagnosis at first. My friends were also confused, and rather certain my doctor was misguided.
\"Often, if girls are smart or in supportive homes, symptoms are masked,\" Dr.Ellen says. \"Girls will hide their inability to meet social expectations. They see their trouble organizing, and concentrating as character flaws(缺陷).\"
These years, I am both embarrassed and exhausted by my struggles to keep track of objects, but drug has helped it and made it more bearable. （1）The writer presents the first paragraph to .
A. air her view with an example B. bring up the topic of the passage C. show young people's messiness D. prove Yale also has ADHD students （2）Many female with ADHD are not diagnosed mainly because . A.the diagnostic criteria are made according to male ADHD B.they are smart enough to mask their ADHD symptoms C.they don't view their trouble as symptoms of ADHD D.women ADHD are more hyperactive than young boys
（3）What does the word \"skepticism\" in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A.panic. B.stubbornness. C.debate. D.doubt.
（4）What does the passage mainly talk about? A.Why female ADHD patients develop the disease. B.Why many female ADHD patients are undiagnosed. C.How young ADHD patients are cured of the disease. D.How much help ADHD patients can get from medication. 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）D （4）B
【解析】【分析】文章借由作者的亲身经历讲述女性多动症不容易被诊断出来的原因。
（1）推理判断题。根据文章第一段的结构和But I was surprised when I was diagnosed with ADHD（多动症）,when I was a junior at Yale.以及下文关于多动症的内容可知，作者讲述第一段的目的是为了引出下文关于多动症的话题，故选B项。
（2）细节理解题。根据文章第四段的The main reason is that the diagnostic criteria were developed based on those hyperactive（过度活跃）young boys taken to clinics, making it difficult for girls to be diagnosed unless they behave like hyperactive boys.可知诊断多动症的标准是基于过度活跃的年轻男孩来制定的，所以很难诊断出女孩，除非她们的行为像过度活跃的男孩，故选A项。
（3）词义猜测题。根据画线部分后面的As a top student, I didn't believe my diagnosis at first.My friends were also confused, and rather certain my doctor was misguided.可知作者一开始不相信多动症的诊断结果，她的朋友也很困惑，认为是医生诊断错误，即她们都怀疑医生的诊断，故推测画线部分的意思是\"怀疑\"，故选D项。
（4）主旨大意题。文章第三段主要讲述女性多动症的症状和男性不同；第四段主要讲述女孩很难被诊断出多动症，因为诊断标准是按男性制定的；第五段主要讲述女性自己会怀疑诊断结果；第六段主要讲述女性会把多动症症状隐藏起来。综上所述，本文主要讲述女性不容易被诊断出多动症的原因，故选B项。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题，细节理解题要注意从文中寻找答案；推理判断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息；词义猜测题要结合划线词所在语境，推测词义；主旨大意题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想
17．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Many people have long dreamed of being able to fly around as simply as riding a bicycle. Yet the safety and strength of a flying bike was always a big problem. Over the past 10 years, developments in technology have moved the dream of personal flying vehicles closer to reality. Now, two groups of inventors say such vehicles may be available soon.
The British company Malloy Aeronautics has developed a prototype (原型) of its flying bicycle. Grant Stapleton, marketing sales director of Malloy Aeronautics, says the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly.\" It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed,\" he adds.
Mr. Stapleton says safety was the company's main concern. He says the designers solved the safety issue by using overlapping rotors to power the vehicle.
The company is testing a full-size prototype of the Hoverbike, which will most likely be used first by the police and emergency rescue teams.
In New Zealand, Martin Aircraft Company is also testing a full-size prototype of its personal flying device, called the Jetpack. It can fly for more than 30 minutes, up to 1, 000 meters high and reach a speed of 74 kilometers per hour.
Peter Coker is the CEO of Martin Aircraft Company. He said the Jetpack \"is built around safety from the start\". In his words, \"Reliability is the most important element of it. We have safety built into the actual structure itself, very similar to a Formula One racing car.
The Jetpack uses a gasoline-powered engine that produces two powerful jet streams. Mr. Coker says it also has a parachute that would be used, if there should be an emergency. \"It starts to work at very low altitude and actually saves both the aircraft and the pilot,\" he adds. Mr. Coker says the Jetpack will be ready for sale soon.
（1）We can learn from the passage that the Hoverbike ________. A. can hardly get in and out of small spaces quickly B. can fly for over 30 minutes, up to 1, 000 meters high C. has been used by the police and emergency rescue teams D. can be transported quickly after being folded and packed
（2）Peter Coker uses the example of Formula One racing car to show that ________. A. the Jetpack is very safe and reliable B. the engine of the Jetpack is powerful C. the actual structure of the Jetpack is unique D. the Jetpack can reach a great speed and height
（3）The underlined word \"It\" in the last paragraph refers to ________.
A. the jet stream B. the engine C. the Jetpack D. the parachute （4）What is the author's main purpose of writing the passage? A. To describe the problems of inventing flying vehicles. B. To introduce the latest development of flying vehicles. C. To show the differences between two flying vehicles. D. To advertise the two personal flying vehicles. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）D （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述一种个人飞行工具很快就会应用于现实，然而安全性和强度一直是个大问题，文中介绍了两家研发飞行器的公司的最新的产品，新产品把安全放在首位，并对产品进行了改进。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly. It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed.” 可知，Hoverbike能够很快地进出小空间。它可快速地在上移动，因为它可以折叠和包装。可知，选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第六段Peter Coker说Jetpack从一开始就围绕安全进行的，安全可靠性是最重要的因素。我们在车的现行结构中植入了安全性，非常类似于Formula One赛车。，故选A。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“Mr. Coker says it also has a parachute (降落伞) that can be used should there be an emergency. \"It starts to work at very low altitude …., ”Coker先生说Jetpack上也有降落伞，可以在紧急情况下使用。“在海拔非常低的情况下开始用它…”。可知，Jetpack上的降落伞（它）是在海拔低时才用。由此可知it指的是parachute (降落伞)。故选D。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段可知，许多人一直梦想能像骑自行车一样简单的飞来飞去，科技的发展让这个梦想很快实现。然而飞行自行车的安全性和强度一直是个大问题。接着下面叙述了两家研发飞行器的公司的最新的产品，新产品把安全放在首位。故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
18．阅读理解
Eating red meat is linked to cancer and heart disease, but are the risks big enough to justify giving up juicy burgers and delicious steaks? Probably not, according to researchers who reviewed data from 12 clinical trials involving about 54,000 people. In a series of controversial papers, the researchers argue that the increased health risks tied to red meat are small and uncertain, and that cutting back likely wouldn't be worth it for people who enjoy meat.
Those conclusions go against established medical advice. They were swiftly attacked by a group of famous U.S. scientists who took the unusual step of trying to stop the papers from being published until their criticisms were addressed.
The new work does not say red or processed meats like hot dogs and bacon are healthy, or that people should eat more of them. The team's reviews of past studies generally support the ties to cancer, heart disease and other bad health outcomes. But the authors say the evidence is weak, and that there's not much certainty meat is really the cause, since other diet and lifestyle factors could be at play.
If the latest example of how divisive nutrition research has become, with its uncertainties leaving the door open for conflicting advice. Critics say findings often aren't backed by strong evidence. Defenders counter that nutrition studies can rarely be conclusive because of the difficulty of measuring the effects of any single food, but that methods have improved.
Based on their analyses, the researchers said people do not have to cut back for health reasons. But they noted that their own advice is weak, and acknowledged that they didn't consider factors such as animal welfare and the environment. Indeed, the case that meat production is bad for animal welfare and the environment is stronger than the case that it's bad for human health, according to an editorial that accompanies the report.
Not all of the report authors agreed with its conclusions. Three of the 14 researchers said they support reducing red and processed meats. A coauthor of one of the reviews is also among those who called for a publication delay.
Those who pushed to postpone publication also questioned why certain studies were included in the reviews while others were left out.
As for his own diet, Dr. Gordon Guyatt, a member of the international research team that conducted the reviews, said he no longer thinks red or processed meats have significant health risks. But he said he still avoids them out of habit, and for animal welfare and environmental reasons.
（1）What is the author's purpose in writing the passage? A.To introduce a new relationship between health and eating red meat.
B.To urge more people to keep away from eating red meat regularly. C.To present a new controversial view on impacts of eating red meat. D.To criticize nutrition studies for lacking of conclusive evidence. （2）What is the author's attitude towards the new research? A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Disapproving. D.Objective.
（3）Guyatt's avoiding red meats has the weakest connection with_______. A.health risks B.diet habits C.animal welfare D.environmental protection
（4）What can we learn from the recent research? A.Red meats don't have significant health risks. B.Reducing meat consumption will be worth it. C.The report authors have reached a consensus. D.Consuming red meat will do good to health. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）A （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者对于吃红肉是否与癌症和心脏病有关引用了研究发现、结果、例子等客观数据和事实来写这篇文章。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Eating red meat is linked to cancer and heart disease, but are the risks big enough to justify giving up juicy burgers and delicious steaks? Probably not, according to researchers...”可知，吃红肉与癌症和心脏病有关，但是否这些风险大到足以让你放弃多汁的汉堡和美味的牛排呢？根据研究人员研究发现，答案是不一定，引导出了一个关于吃红肉有争议的新观点，故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据“according to researchers who reviewed data”，“ the researchers argue that”，“ Those conclusions go against established medical advice”，“ The team's reviews of past studies”“ the latest example”，“ Based on their analyses”等等，可知作者主要引用研究发现、结果、例子等客观数据和事实来写这篇文章，可知作者对新研究的态度是客观的，故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“But he said he still avoids them out of habit, and for animal welfare and environmental reasons.”但他说避免吃红肉是出于习惯，也是为了保护动物福利和环境，没有说是健康风险问题，可以判断Guyatt避免吃红肉与健康风险的关系最弱，故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“The new work does not say red or processed meats like hot dogs and bacon are healthy, or that people should eat more of them. The team's reviews of
past studies generally support the ties to cancer, heart disease and other bad health outcomes. But the authors say the evidence is weak...”这项新研究并没有说红肉或加工肉类如热狗和熏肉是健康的，也没有说人们应该多吃。以往研究通常支持红肉与癌症、心脏病和其他不良健康的联系，但这项研究的作者说这个证据是站不住脚的，可以推断红肉没有明显的健康风险，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇健康类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
19．阅读理解
At first, Michael Surrell didn't see the black smoke or flames shooting from the windows of his neighbors' home. He and his wife had just parked around the corner from their own house in Allentown, Pennsylvania, when they got a call from one of his daughters, \"The house next door is on fire!\" He went to investigate. That's when he saw two women and a girl hysterical (歇斯底里的)on their porch.
\"The baby's in there!\" one of the women cried. Though the fire department had been called, Surrell, then , instinctively ran inside. \"The baby\" was 8-year-old Tiara Roberts, the woman's granddaughter and a playmate of Surrell's three youngest kids, then 8, 10, and 12. The other two on the porch were Tiara's aunt and cousin.
Entering the burning house was like \"running into a bucket of black paint,\" Surrell says. The thick smoke caused him to stumble blindly around, burned his eyes, and made it impossible to breathe. The conditions would have been hazardous for anyone, but for Surrell, who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (慢性阻塞性肺疾病), they were life-threatening. He was the last person who should have run into a burning building--- he has lung disease. But that didn't stop him.
After a few minutes in the smoke filled house, he retreated outside to catch his breath. \"Where is Tiara?\" he asked desperately.\" The second floor.\" her aunt shouted back.
Surrell knew he couldn't hold his breath for long. So he uttered a little prayer, \"Well, Lord, this is it. You gotta help me, because I'm not coming out without that little girl.\" Taking a deep breath, he went in a second time.
The darkness was overwhelming. Yet because the house had a similar layout to his, he found the stairs and made it to the second floor. He turned to the right and was met by intense heat. He was already out of breath.
\"Baby girl, where are you?\" His throat and lungs burned as if he'd inhaled fire instead of the smoke and soot in the air. Every blink stung his eyes. All he could hear was the crackling and popping of burning wood. ①.Still unable to see, Surrell fell to his knees on the hot wood floor. He crawled toward the sound, feeling around for any sign of the girl. An ominous thought crossed his mind: I'm probably gonna die up here.
Finally he touched something. A shoe, then an ankle. He pulled Tiara toward him. ②Her body was limp and she wasn't breathing. He scooped her into his arms and stood. He felt the heat of the flames on his cheeks. Turning, he fought through the smoke and ran blindly into the blackness. The next thing he knew, he was at the front door, then outside. Surrell put Tiara down
on the porch.
③. A voice told him, \"You have to breathe for her.\" He started CPR -the first time he'd ever done so. The women stood behind him, praying silently. Soon a soot-filled cough came from Tiara's throat. Surrell gave five more breaths. She coughed again. Her eyes flickered. He gave one final breath. She opened her eyes and took a breath on her own.
④.Their eyes met. Surrell hugged her tight and said, \"Uncle's got you.\" Soon after, his throat closed off.
Surrell woke up in the hospital a couple of days later, having suffered severe burns to his windpipe and the upper portion of his lungs. He spent over a week in the hospital. Tiara was released from the hospital after a few days. The fire exacerbated Surrell's pulmonary condition, and he feels the effects even two years later. As a result, he takes extra medication that helps open his airways. \"It's a small price to pay,\" he says. \"I'd do it again in a heartbeat. Wouldn't give it a second thought.\"
（1）Michael Surrell ran to save \"the baby\" mainly because______. A.he was on the scene casually B.he was driven by instinct C.his daughter was in danger D.his own house was at risk
（2）Why should Surrell be the last person to run into a burning building? A.The fire department had been called. B.He was years old at that time. C.The condition was life-threatening. D.He had chronic pulmonary disease.
（3）In the course of rescue, Surrell______. A.had to move out for breath because of smoke B.was prevented by the overwhelming smoke C.made it to the second floor without any trouble D.could clearly hear the sound made by the baby
（4）Which blank could the sentence \"Then a weak but distinct voice emerged\" be best put in? A.① B.② C.③ D.④
（5）From the last paragraph, we can learn that______. . A.Surrell came back to life a week later B.Tiara had to stay in hospital for weeks C.Surrell's disease became more serious D.Tiara needed further extra medication
（6）What can be a suitable title for the passage? A.Breathe for Her B.Struggle to survive
C.A small price to pay D.A man with lung disease 【答案】 （1）B （2）D （3）A （4）A （5）C （6）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，一个患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病的人不顾个人安危去邻居家着火的房子里成功救出小女孩，因此造成他肺部疾病加重，但是他对自己所做的从不后悔。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Though the fire department had been called, Surrell, then , instinctively ran inside.”虽然已经给消防队打电话了，但当时岁的萨雷尔还是本能地跑了进去，可知Surrell跑进去救婴儿是因为本能驱使，这里instinctively本能地是instinct的副词形式，故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“but for Surrell, who has chronicobstructive pulmonary disease （慢性阻塞性肺疾病），they were life-threatening” 但对于患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病的Surrell来说，当时的火势对他来说是危及生命的，所以Surrell是最不应该冲进着火大楼的人，故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“After a few minutes in the smoke filled house, he retreated outside to catch his breath.”在烟雾弥漫的房子里呆了几分钟后，他退到外面喘口气，可知在烟雾弥漫的房子里救人，期间Surrell不得不出来喘口气，故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。 第一个空前“All he could hear was the crackling and popping of burning wood.” 他只能听到燃烧木头的噼噼啪啪声，选项A“Then a weak but distinct voice emerged” 然后出现了一个微弱但清晰的声音，句子中的Then在时间上承接前一句，空格后一句“Still unable to see” 还是看不见，承接选项A“一个微弱但清晰的声音”，可以判断听到声音但还是看不见人，故选A。
（5）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The fire exacerbated Surrell's pulmonary condition.” 大火加剧了Surrell的肺部疾病， 可知Surrell的病情变得更严重了，故选C。
（6）考查主旨大意。根据倒数第三段中的“A voice told him, ‘You have to breathe for her.’ He started CPR ... She opened her eyes and took a breath on her own.”可知，Surrell给女孩做人工呼吸，女孩最终可以自己呼吸活过来了，人能活下来要呼吸给心肺供氧，呼吸非常重要，用breathe for her做主题引申Surrell挽救了女孩的生命，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
20．（2019•浙江）阅读理解
Money with no strings attached. It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in
Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, \"Give What You Can, Take What You Need.\"
People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic（社会经济的）backgrounds gave and took, \"said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. \"We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.\" Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip（片段）shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.
\"What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,\" Bridges said. \"There's a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.\" Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.
\"After all, everyone has bad days and good days,\" he said. \"Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”
（1）What does the expression \"money with no strings attached\" in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Money spent without hesitation. B. Money not legally made. C. Money offered without conditions. D. Money not tied together. （2）What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?
A. Women tended to be more sociable. B. The activity attracted various people. C. Economic problems were getting worse. D. Young couples needed financial assistance. （3）Why did Bridges carry out the project?
A. To do a test on people's morals. B. To raise money for his company. C. To earn himself a good reputation. D. To promote kindness and sympathy. 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）D
【解析】【分析】这是一则新闻报道，讲述在洛杉矶的联合车站，竖起了一块木板，上面钉着一些美钞和一个牌子，上面写着“留下你能给予的，拿走你所需要的。”虽然有很多人拿走了钱，但是还是有人把钱钉在木板上。
（1）词义猜测题。根据下文第二段开头 while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the btoard 可知这个板子的目的是为人们提供爱心交换，需要的从上面拿钱，有富余的可以在上面留钱。这些钱是没有附加条件的。故答案为C。
（2）推理判断题。题干中的bride是 Tyler Bridges 举的一个例子，为了证明前一句 People of all ages, races, and socio-economic（社会经济的）backgrounds gave and took，即这个活动吸引了各种年龄、种族和经济背景的人。故答案为B。
（3）推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中
Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy可知他发起这个活动的目的是让人们展示慷慨和同情。故答案为D。
【点评】这是一篇新闻报道，文章的第一段第三句话就是本文的主题句，阅读时要要弄清新闻的主旨，弄清细节，根据问题中的关键词找到相关语句并能分析理解相关的句子，从而得到需要的答案。
21．阅读理解
A society that lives by the plastic fork may very well die from it. That's how things are looking. Anyway, for a world so used to disposable(一次性的) habits, any hope for a solution(解决方案) also increasingly seems to be buried.
Sure, there have been some hopeful ideas. Boyan Slat, the Dutch inventor developed a plan for Covering the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Not long after it started, Slat's system experienced \"material fatigue(疲劳)\"-likely the result of being strained(使受到压力) by all that trash-and the task was delayed.
All the while, the plastic increases. Its growth is very fast, according to Linda Wang, a professor of chemical engineering at Purdue University. She says, \"We'll have more plastic than fish by 2050.\" Yet Wang, along with other researchers at Purdue, may have a solution not only to this plastic problem, but also to the growing need for clean energy. Her team has developed a system that turns waste, a durable, lightweight material that accounts for about a quarter of all plastic waste, into a highly pure form of gasoline.
Publishing their findings in the journal Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, the scientists' state that instead of making plastic go away, they can break it down and reuse it, using chemistry to destroy what chemistry brought to the world when plastic was developed back in 1907. The process uses \"supercritical\" water-heated to around 450 degrees Celsius (842 degrees Fahrenheit),beyond the key point at which distinct liquid and vapor phases(气液态) exist-to boil plastic waste into an oil, the researchers explain. It takes a couple of hours for the supercritical water to complete the transformation, but the result is a kind of oil that can be used as gasoline or fuel. It can also be turned into other products.
The researchers have only made the transformation in a laboratory setting so far, but they suggest turning the process to a commercial scale(规模) may not be far off. And considering the 300 million tons of plastic into the environment every year, that day can't come soon enough. But it will come in time.
（1）Why is the plastic fork mentioned in paragraph 1? A. To indicate the hopeless future of human life. B. To figure out the solution to reducing plastics. C. To show the seriousness of the plastic problem. D. To tell people to give up an unhealthy lifestyle.
（2）What can we know about Slat's system?
A. It proves harmful to the Pacific. B. It has been abandoned completely. C. It has received many people's opposition. D. It met with difficulty while being carried out. （3）What is the advantage of Wang's system? A. It can save fish in the ocean. B. It can recycle and reuse plastic.
C. It can surely lower the prices of gas and fuel. D. It can make plastic products more affordable.
（4）What is the author's attitude towards Wang's system?
A. Hopeful. B. Disapproving. C. Cautious. D. Uncertain. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了Linda Wang的新系统，它可以回收利用塑料。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“That's how things are looking. Anyway, for a world so used to disposable habits, any hope for a solution also increasingly seems to be buried.”可知，人们习惯了使用像塑料叉子之类的塑料制品，以至于找到解决塑料问题的解决方案的机会很渺茫。由此可推断，文章提到塑料叉子是为了表明塑料问题的严重性。故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Not long after it started，Slat's system experienced' material fatigue likely the result of being strained by all that trash.” 在启动后不久，Slat的系统就经历了“材料疲劳”，这可能是所有垃圾造成的。可推断，Slat的系统在实施的过程中遇到了困难。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Yet Wang, along with other researchers at Purdue, may have a solution not only to this plastic problem, but also to the growing need for clean energy. Her team has developed a system that turns waste, a durable, lightweight material that accounts for about a quarter of all plastic waste, into a highly pure form of gasoline.”然而，王和普渡大学的其他研究人员可能不仅解决了这个塑料问题，而且解决了对清洁能源日益增长的需求。她的团队已经开发出一种系统，可以将废物(一种耐用、重量轻的材料，约占所有塑料废物的四分之一)转化为高纯度的汽油。可知，Wang的系统可以回收利用塑料。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“…that day can't come soon enough. But it will come in time.”那一天来得越早越好。但它迟早会到来。可推断，作者对Wang的系统满怀希望。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
22．阅读理解
Thirteen vehicles lined up last March to race across the Mojave Desert, seeking a million in
prize money. To win, they had to finish the 142-mile race in less than 10 hours. Teams and watchers knew there might be no winner at all, because these vehicles were missing a key part－drivers.
DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, organized the race as part of a push to develop robotic vehicles for future battlefields. But the Grand Challenge, as it was called, just proved how difficult it is to get a car to speed across an unfamiliar desert without human guidance. One had its brake lock up in the starting area. Another began by throwing itself onto a wall. Another got tied up by bushes near the road after 1.9 miles.
One turned upside down. One took off in entirely the wrong direction and had to be disabled by remote control. One went a little more than a mile and rushed into a fence; another managed to go for six miles but stuck on a rock. The \"winner,\" if there was any, reached 7.8 miles before it ran into a long, narrow hole, and the front wheels caught on fire.
\"You get a lot of respect for natural abilities of the living things,\" says Reinhold Behringer, who helped design two of the car-size vehicles for a company called Sci-Autonics. \"Even ants (蚂蚁) can do all these tasks effortlessly. It's very hard for us to put these abilities into our machines.\" The robotic vehicles, though with necessary modern equipment such as advanced computers and GPS guidance, had trouble figuring out fast enough the blocks ahead that a two-year-old human recognizes immediately. Sure, that very young child, who has just only learned to walk, may not think to wipe apple juice off her face, but she already knows that when there's a cookie in the kitchen she has to climb up the table, and that when she gets to the cookie it will taste good. She is more advanced, even months old, than any machine humans have designed. （1）Watchers doubted if any of the vehicles could finish the race because_____. A. they did not have any human guidance B. the road was not familiar to the drivers C. the distance was too long for the vehicles D. the prize money was unattractive to the drivers （2）DARPA organized the race in order to_____. A. raise money for producing more robotic vehicles B. push the development of vehicle industry C. train more people to drive in the desert D. improve the vehicles for future wars
（3）From the passage we know \"robotic vehicles\" are a kind of machines that _____. A. can do effortlessly whatever tasks living thing can B. can take part in a race across 142 miles with a time limit C. can show off their ability to turn themselves upside down D. can move from place to place without being driven by human beings
（4）In the last paragraph, the writer implies that there is a long way to go______. A. for a robotic vehicle to finish a 142-mile race without any difficulties B. for a little child who has just learned to walk to reach the cookie on the table C. for a robotic vehicle to deal with a simple problem that a little child can solve D. for a little child to understand the importance of wiping apple juice off its face
【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）D （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了DARPA组织一次汽车越野比赛，目的是想改进未来战场上的机器人汽车，并介绍了这些机器汽车的优点和缺点。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Teams and watchers knew there might be no winner at all, because these vehicles were missing a key part－drivers.”车队和观众都知道可能根本没有赢家，因为这些车缺少了一个关键的部分司机。可知，这些汽车都没有驾驶员。故选A。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, organized the race as part of a push to develop robotic vehicles for future battlefields.”美国国防部高级研究计划局(DARPA)组织了这次比赛，作为推动未来战场机器人车辆发展的一部分。可以推测，DARPA组织这次比赛是军事目的是想改进未来战争用车，故选D。 （3）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“But the Grand Challenge, as it was called, just proved how difficult it is to get a car to speed across an unfamiliar desert without human guidance.”但这项被称为“大挑战”的项目恰恰证明了，在没有人类引导的情况下，让一辆汽车快速穿越一片陌生的沙漠是多么困难。可以推断出“robotic vehicles”是一种不要人操作的汽车，故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“she is more advanced...than any machine...”可知机器远不如人的智力。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
23．阅读理解
When I was small and my grandmother died, I couldn't understand why I had no tears. But that night when my dad tried to cheer me up, my laugh turned into crying.
So it came as no surprise to learn that researchers believe crying and laughing come from the same part of the brain. Just as laughing has many health advantages, scientists are discovering that so, too, does crying.
Whatever it takes for us to reduce pressure is important to our emotional health, and crying seems to work well. One study found that 85 percent of women and 73 percent of men report feeling better after crying.
Besides, tears attract help from other people. Researchers agree that when we cry, people around us become kinder and friendlier and they are more ready to provide support and comfort. Tears also enable us to understand our emotions better; sometimes we don't even know we're very sad until we cry. We learn about our emotions through crying, and then we can deal with them.
Just as crying can be healthy, not crying - holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering - can be bad for physical health, Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high
blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don't fight it. It's a natural –and healthy-emotional response.
（1）Why didn't the author cry when her grandmother died? A. The author doesn't give the explanation. B. Because she did not love her grandmother. C. Because she was too shy to cry at that time. D. Because her father did not want her to feel too sad. （2）It can inferred from the text that ______. A. there are two ways to keep mental health B. crying does more good to health than laughing C. crying and laughing play the same jobs
D. emotional health has a close relationship to physical health
（3）According to the author, which of the following statements is true? A. Crying is the best way to get help from others. B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems. C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry. D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.
（4）What might be the most suitable title for the text? A. Power of Tears B. How to Keep Healthy C. Why We Cry D. A New Scientific Discovery 【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍哭对我们健康有益的几个方面。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“When I was small and my grandmother died, I couldn't understand why I had no tears. But that night when my dad tried to cheer me up, my laugh turned into crying.”当我小的时候，我的祖母去世了，我不明白为什么我没有眼泪。但那天晚上，当我爸爸试图让我高兴起来时，我的笑变成了哭。”可以得知作者并没有提到没有哭的原因，故选A。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Whatever it takes for us to reduce pressure is important to our emotional health, and crying seems to work well. One study found that 85 percent of women and 73 percent of men report feeling better after crying.”无论采取什么方法来减轻压力，对我们的情绪健康都很重要，而哭泣似乎很有效。一项研究发现，85%的女性和73%的男性表示哭泣后感觉更好。从文章可知情感健康与身体健康密切相关。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Just as crying can be healthy, not crying - holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering - can be bad for physical health, Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other
illnesses.”正如哭泣是健康的，不哭泣——抑制愤怒、痛苦或苦难的泪水——可能对身体健康有害，研究表明，过度控制情绪可能导致高血压、心脏病和其他一些疾病。可知B是明显正确的。故选B。
（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了哭的力量和作用，并且介绍了哭对我们健康有益的几个方面，故选 A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇健康类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
24．（2019•天津）阅读理解
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to lean, the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我）, whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）\"commitment\" with such \"caring\" occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck, or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
（1）The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________. A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
（2）What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？ A. End one's struggle for liberty. B. Waste one's energy taking risks. C. Miss the opportunity to succeed. D. Lose the interest to continue learning. （3）What could be inferred from Paragraph 4? A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
（4）What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5? A. A tough man can tolerate suffering. B. A wise man can live without self-pity. C. A man should try to satisfy people around him. D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
（5）What is the author's purpose in writing the passage? A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 【答案】 （1）B （2）D （3）C （4）D （5）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
（1）考查推理判断。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.”可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.”可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.”可知，我们学会承受那
些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。
（5）考查主旨大意。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
25．（2019•全国Ⅱ）阅读理解
“You can use me as a last resort（选择）, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse（长曲棍球）club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright. Yes, I'll do it.”
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?
（1）What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1? A. She knows little about the club. B. She isn't good at sports.
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer. D. She's unable to meet her schedule. （2）What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean? A. Encourage team work . B. Appeal to feeling. C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice. （3）What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3? A. She gets interested in lacrosse. B. She is proud of her kids. C. She'll work for another season. D. She becomes a good helper.
（4）Why does the author like doing volunteer work?
A. It gives her a sense of duty. B. It makes her very happy. C. It enables her to work hard. D. It brings her material rewards. 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）D （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，讲述作者邀请并说服一位不愿意当志愿者的家长帮忙，在孩子们的长曲棍球俱乐部为孩子们提供志愿服务，从而从志愿活动中得到快乐。
（1）推理判断题。句意“你可以把我当作最后的手段，如果没有其他人自愿的话，我会去做的。”在第二段中的demanding work schedule和an unknown sport均是作者猜测的，所以ABD不对。根据第二段最后的the unwilling parent 可以看出这位家长也许不想当自愿者。故答案为C。
（2）词义猜测题。A、鼓励团队协作；B、诉诸情感；C、促进良好行为；D、提供建议。前一句提到She may just need a little persuading（她也许只是需要一点儿劝说），所以“我又尝试了并……”，后一句作者“提到一个带着4个孩子的单亲妈妈”，“谈到自己的孩子不在球队里的父亲当教练”等都是从情感上打动这位家长，故答案为B。
（3）细节理解题。根据第三段中的描述organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way，“那位不情愿的家长安排用餐时间，发邮件，并为季末礼物筹款，并最终成为了团队中一个成员”，可知这位家长成为一个得力的助手，让其他的家长有时间去准备下一个赛季的事情。故答案为D。 （4）细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后的provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good可知因为志愿工作带来快乐，故答案为B。
【点评】考查对文章的理解和词义的猜测。在通读短文的基础上紧扣问题，利用关键词在文中定位，认真分析。
26．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Devon Gallagher, a college graduate from Philadelphia, wants the world to know exactly where she's been while she's on her worldwide vacation in a special way. The traveler, who was born with a bone disease, had her right leg amputated (截肢) at the age of four. Although the amputation caused inconvenience for Gallagher early on, she now sees it as nothing short of inspiration for living her best life.
To spread that message. Gallagher has gone to social media, where she shares photos of her travels across the world, but instead of simply using a geo-tag (地理位置标签), she writes her location on her artificial leg before taking a picture.
Now she has been taking pictures across the Continent, which show her cycling over the canal in Amsterdam relaxing on a wall overlooking the city of Barcelona, posing with a waffle in Brussels, taking in the beautiful Parthenon temple in Athens and enjoying a river ride in Budapest, all with the well-known locations written on her artificial leg.
\"I get a new leg every two years and I can choose the design on it. One day I had a sudden thought to get a chalk-board,\" Gallagher said. \"My mum and grandmother didn't like the idea, but my friends thought it was great and told me to go for it, so I did.\"
Gallagher said people often stare when she's writing on her leg, but once she shares the photos, she receives only positive feedback (反馈), \"My leg hasn't stopped me from doing anything I've wanted to do,\" she said. \"I don't know if it's my determination to prove to myself that I can do it, anyway, I've been able to keep up with people at my age and lead a pretty great life.\"
Gallagher shows us that you should never let anything stand in the way of your dreams. And if life gives you an artificial leg, make art.
（1）What message did Gallapher want to spread in her special way? A. She enjoys her travelling across the globe. B. She suffers little from her leg's amputation.
C. she looks on her misfortune as another form of blessing. D. She has exactly fallen in love with posting photos online.
（2）What does the word \"which\" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. the continent B. the pictures C. the leg D. the location （3）Gallapher can best be described as ________.
A. helpful and ambitious B. friendly and generous C. determined and creative D. independent and sensible （4）Which of the following might be the best title for the text? A. Never Too Late to share B. A Special Artificial Leg C. An Outstanding Photographer D. Gallagher's Summer Holidays 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】Devon Gallagher小时因病右腿截肢，尽管有很多不便，但她认为这可以激励她过上最好的生活。长大后Gallagher在社交媒体上分享自己环球旅行的照片，但她并没有简单的使用地理标签，而是拍照前在假肢上写下自己的位置。她的故事告诉我们不要让任何东西挡住通往梦想的道路。
（1）细节理解题。根据第一段中Although the amputation caused inconvenience for Gallagher early on, she now sees it as nothing short of inspiration for living her best life.。尽管截肢早期给她带来了很多不便，但她认为这可以激励她过上最好的生活。由此可知Gallagher想以她独特的方式表明她把自己的不幸看做是另一种幸运的形式，故选C。
（2）推理判断题。Now she has been taking pictures across the Continent, which show her cycling over the canal in Amsterdam relaxing on a wall…现在她在整个拍照，应该是这些照片展示了…所以which指代的是她拍的照片，故选B。
（3）推理判断题。根据第四段One day I had a sudden thought to get a chalk-board,\" Gallagher said. \"My mum and grandmother didn't like the idea, but my friends thought it was
great and told me to go for it, so I did.\"Gallagher说她妈妈和外婆都不喜欢她chalk-board的主意，但她的朋友喜欢，让她去试试，所以她就去了，可知Gallagher很有决心。根据第二段 To spread that message. Gallagher has gone to social media, where she shares photos of her travels across the world, but instead of simply using a geo-tag (地理位置标签), she writes her location on her artificial leg before taking a picture。Gallagher把她的位置写在假肢上来和大家分享可知他是一个很有创造性的人，故选C。
（4）主旨大意题。最后一段And if life gives you an artificial leg, make art。是本文的主题句，根据文章内容可知本文主要描述的是截肢的Gallagher在社交媒体上分享自己环球旅行的照片，但她并没有简单的使用地理标签，而是拍照前在假肢上写下自己的位置的故事。这篇文章是想通过Gallagher的一条假肢，传达出一种乐观向上的生活态度，故A Special Artificial Leg是最好的标题。故选A。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节理解题、推理判断题和主旨大意题三种常考题型，细节理解题要注意从文中寻找答案；推理判断题需要联系上下文以及分析特殊句式，推断出需要的信息；主旨大意题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想。
27．阅读理解
On average, Americans spend about 10 hours a day in front of a computer or other electronic devices and less than 30 minutes a day outdoors. That is a claim made by David Strayer, a professor of psychology at the University of Utah. In his 2017 TED Talk, Strayer explained that all this time spent with technology is making our brains tired.
Using an electronic device to answer emails, listen to the news and look at puts a lot of pressure on the front of the brain, which, Strayer explains , is important for critical (有判断力的)thinking , problem-solving and decision-making.
So, it is important to give the brain a rest. And being in naure, Strayer claims, helps get a tired brain away from too much technology. More than 15,000 campers from around the world attended an international camping festival in September. That is when friends and family take time off and escape to nature for several days. They take walks, climb, explore, swim, sleep, eat and play. Camping may be just what a tired brain needs.
Take Carl for example .He lives in West Virginia and enjoys camping. He says that staying outdoors makes him feel at ease. It also prepares him for the work he must do. Kate Somers is another example who also lives in West Virginia. She says she enjoys camping with her husband and two children. She calls it a “regenerative” experience.
At the University of Utah, David Strayer has studied both short-term and long-term exposure to nature. He found that spending short amounts of time in nature without technology does calm the brain and helps it to remember better. However, he found, it is the long-term contact with nature that does the most good. He and his research team found that spending three days in nature without any technology is enough time for the brain to fully relax and reset itself. （1）What is David Strayer's opinion? A. Americans dislike outdoor activities. B. Electronic equipment should be quitted.
C. New technologies are a double-edged sword. D. Electronic equipment brings great convenience. （2）Why does Strayer insist we go outdoors?
A. To try another lifestyle. B. To refresh our brain.
C. To make better decisions. D. To play with our family and friends. （3）What does the underlined word “regenerative” mean?
A. Reborn B. Memorable C. Remarkable D. Tiring （4）Which is the proper title for the passage?
A. Electronic Equipment Harms the Brain. B. Good Rest Develops Good Memory. C. Tips on Using New Technologies. D. Being in Nature Is Good for the Brain. 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）A （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文属于科普文，主要阐述电子产品的过多使用让大脑得不到休息，因而鼓励人们多进行户外活动，让大脑休息。
（1）推理判断题。根据第二段Using an electronic device to answer emails, listen to the news and look at puts a lot of pressure on the front of the brain可知，电子产品和网络信息给我们带了方便，也给我们大脑产生了巨大的压力，故可知，科技是一把双刃剑，故选C。
（2）细节理解题。根据第三段So, it is important to give the brain a rest. And being in nature , Strayer claims , helps get a tired brain away from too much technology.可知，亲近大自然，可以让我们疲惫的大脑远离科技产品，让大脑获得休息，故选B。
（3）词义猜测题。根据前文Take Carl for example .He lives in West Virginia and enjoys camping. He says that staying outdoors makes him feel at ease. It also prepares him for the work he must do.可知，喜欢露营，呆在户外让他感到轻松，能够为必须做的工作做好准备，故可知这个过程是一个再生的过程，让大脑休息的过程，故选A。
（4）主旨大意题。本文主要阐述电子产品的过多使用让大脑得不到休息，因而鼓励人们多进行户外活动，让大脑休息，故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇说明类阅读，要求考生先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的：段落、语句，仔细品味，同时根据上下文进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
28．阅读理解
If conditions get bad enough, almost any kind of weather can become a storm.
Stormy weather can cause people to cancel their plans. It can cause major events to be postponed. And severe stormy weather can be dangerous to people, fortune and anima1. If you weather the storm, or ride out the storm, you survive and move on without harm or injury. For example, 1et's talk about Tornado Alley, the name for part of the central United States.
During springtime, this area often has a large number of powerful tornadoes. People who live there are taught to shelter in the safest place they can find and wait for the storm to pass. People who live in Tornado Alley are used to weathering many storms!
You can also weather a storm, but it doesn't involve actual weather. “To weather the storm” can also mean to make it through a difficult experience or trying times. So, if the stock market(股市)crashes, you might have to weather a financial storm.
Often before a big storm, conditions are calm. The calm before the storm can happen anytime. It is the time before something bad happens. For example, at the beginning of a family reunion, the adults were all talking happily. But the older children knew it was just the calm before the storm. They've seen it happen before. The adults talk happily for about an hour. Then they start arguing about events from the past—things that should really stay buried!
But after the storm begins and you find yourself in the middle of it, you are in the eye of the storm. In the world of weather, the eye of the storm is the calmest part, in the center of a hurricane, for example. However, in the English language, if you are in the eye of the storm, you are in the most intense part of a conflict. For example, she had no idea that walking into the meeting would put her in the eye of the storm.
However, a brainstorm does not exist in the world of weather. To brainstorm means to try to solve a problem by talking with other people. And don't worry. If we have trouble thinking of an idea for the next program, we can always brainstorm with you! （1）What's mainly discussed in the 3rd and 4th paragraphs? A. What the meanings of weathering the storm are. B. How we can weather the storm.
C. Weathering a storm doesn't involve actual weather. D. People in Tornado Alley can survive the storm.
（2）Why does the author mention a family reunion in the fifth paragraph? A. To stress the importance of weather forecast. B. To develop the awareness of family. C. To explain the meaning of an expression. D. To praise the older children for being clever.
（3）What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. A problem can't be solved if you worry too much. B. A brainstorm often appears in the world of weather. C. Difficulties can be dealt with by teamwork. D. To brainstorm can cause troubles in the program. （4）What's the author's purpose in writing the text? A. To tell us stormy weather can cause destruction. B. To tell us some expressions about storm. C. To tell us a storm can cause conflicts. D. To tell us we should be ready for a storm. 【答案】 （1）A （2）C
（3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了几个英语中与“风暴”有关的表达。 （1）段落大意题。第三段第一句“If you weather the storm，or ride out the storm，you survive and move on without harm or injury. ”可知本段讲述weather the storm或者ride out the storm指安全度过；和第四段最后一句“To weather the storm can also mean to make it through a difficult experience or trying times. 可知第四段讲述To weather the storm指度过难关。故可知第三四段主要讲述weather the storm的意义是什么。故选A。
（2）推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“The calm before the storm can happen anytime. It is the time before something bad happens. ”可知暴风雨前的宁静任何事都可能发生，这是一段某些不好的事情将要发生的时间。接着作者用家庭聚会作为例子来解释这一种说法的含义，故选C。
（3）推理判断题。最后一段第二句“To brainstorm means to try to solve a problem by talking with other people. ”可知头脑风暴的意思是尝试通过与他人交流来解决一个问题，即困难可以通过团队合作来解决，故选C。
（4）主旨大意题。根据文章内容，如第五段提到暴风雨前的宁静，第六段讲 “in the eye of the storm”处于风口浪尖上，最后一段说明“brainstorm”头脑风暴，可知文章主要介绍与“风暴”有关的表达， 故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及段落大意，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇说明类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，通过题干中的关键词在文章中定位，同时根据上下文进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
29．阅读理解
Sales of Apple's new iPhone 11 in China began on Friday, but were met with a cooler reception from consumers than in previous years. Unlike in previous years, no long lines were seen outside Chinese shops on Friday for the new iPhone, and the product release only made the headlines in a few media outlets.
Huawei unveiled(公布)its Mate 30 smartphone series on Thursday night. Its new devices have won consumers' hearts at home and abroad. Many compared it with Apple's new iPhone 11, saying that beats the new iPhone in terms of innovation and quality. One customer surnamed Zhao, an IT specialist who pre-ordered a Mate 30 Pro on Friday, said that he chose Mate 30 without hesitation. Zhao said, \"It's obvious that Huawei's new phone with its advanced 5G mode would lead the future global telecommunication market, and its new innovative features in gesture and side control attracted my attention, too.\"
In contrast with iPhone 11's lukewarm(冷淡的)sales, Chinese netizens have engaged in discussions on Mate 30 and Mate 30 Pro. An online poll on the Mate 30 and iPhone 11 on Weibo on Friday showed that more than 60 percent of netizens chose the Mate 30, while less than 20 percent chose the iPhone 11. Many chose Huawei not out of patriotism (爱国主义)but for its technology.
Overseas consumers also engaged in active discussions on Huawei's new flagship devices on technology sites and social media platforms. On Twitter, many netizens said \"nice\ever\" and \"my favorite one\" on Huawei's Twitter account. Some netizens in countries like the UK, the Netherlands and Argentina asked when Huawei's new devices would be released in their countries.
（1）How did customers react to Apple's new product? A. They thought it was cool to use it. B. They stood in long lines to purchase it. C. They thought its quality was worse than before. D. They were less interested in it than former years.
（2）In what aspect is Mate 30 better than iPhone 11 according to paragraph 2? A.The price and the weight. B.The appearance and the speed. C.The quality and innovation. D.The service life and function.
（3）What does the underlined word \"poll\" in paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Store. B.Vote. C.Account. D.Exam.
（4）What could be the best title for the text? A.A New Era—5G
B.Huawei Is Better than Apple C.Apple's New iPhone 11
D.Huawei's Mate 30 Defeats iPhone 11 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）B （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，讲述了比起苹果iPhone11来说，华为Mate30 更受大众的青睐。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”Unlike in previous years, no long lines were seen outside Chinese shops on Friday for the new iPhone, and the product release only made the headlines in a few media outlets.“与前几年不同的是，上周五在中国的商店外看不到为新iPhone排起的长队，产品发布也只是在几家媒体上登上了头条。可知，消费者不再热衷于苹果手机。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的”Many compared it with Apple's new iPhone 11, saying that beats the new iPhone in terms of innovation and quality.“许多人将其与苹果的新iPhone 11相提并论，称其在创新和质量方面胜过新iPhone。知，华为Mate30 在创新和质量方面比苹果iPhone 11有优势。故选C。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的”An online poll on the Mate 30 and iPhone 11 on Weibo on Friday showed that more than 60 percent of netizens chose the Mate 30, while less than 20 percent chose the iPhone 11.“后半部分的描述：超过60%的网民选择了Mate30，而选择iPhone 11的不到20%。可知，大家在网络投票。因此poll与vote同义。故选B。 （4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文讲述了比起苹果iPhone 11来说，华为Mate30 更受大众的青睐。因此选项D Huawei's Mate 30 Defeats iPhone 11符合标题。故选D。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇新闻报道，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
30．阅读理解
We have many trips for you to explore the world your way. Our travel ideas are as diverse as the world itself and are designed to let you experience it. Please start with the following four trips.
Athens and Crete Explorer
Visit Greek's famous capital, Athens, and its largest island, Crete, on this Greece vacation. In Athens, tour the iconic Acropolis and head to nearby Delphi to see the home of the ancient Oracle, before flying to the island of Crete where you can explore its capital, Heraklion, and enjoy its world-famous diet of seafood and cheese. Duration: 8 Days Prices From: US$ 2 Trip Type: Romance & Honeymoon, Tailor-made Travel Ideas London for Families Designed to thrill people of all ages, this family London vacation explores the sights, history and magic of this great city. Visit the world of Harry Potter, the original Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum, and take the Original London Sightseeing Tour. Duration: 9 Days Prices From: US$ 634 Trip Type: Family Vacations, Stopovers/City Breaks, Tailor-made Travel Ideas Australia & New Zealand Explore the two most popular cities of Australia and New Zealand on this air-land tour. Start in Sydney, where you'll tour the Sydney Opera House, sail across the famous harbour, and see koalas and kangaroos at Taronga Zoo. Then head on to Auckland where you'll explore the twin harbours, learn about Maori traditions, and enjoy unbeatable views of the landscape. Duration: 11 Days Prices From: US$ 1,999 Trip Type: Vacation Packages with Airfare Classic Egypt This tour is a true classic designed to give the traveler with limited time a superb introduction to the civilization of Ancient Egypt, focusing on the Nile and its importance to the people. The ancient land of Egypt inspires the imagination like no other. Unlock the land of the Pharaohs on this 9 day journey along the Nile. Duration: 9 Days Prices From: US$ 1,495 Trip Type: Classics (Bestsellers), Tailor-made Travel Ideas （1）Which trip is more likely taken by a newly-married couple? A. London for Families. B. Australia & New Zealand. C. Classic Egypt. D. Athens and Crete Explorer. （2）If you are on the trip to London for Families, you will see ________. A.the ancient Oracle B.the world of Harry Potter C.koalas and kangaroos D.the ancient land of Egypt
（3）From the text, it can be learnt that all the four trips ________. A.have the same trip type B.take more than one week C.take more than US$ 1000 D.enjoy their famous diet
（4）Where is the text probably taken from? A.A travel brochure. B.A science fiction. C.A storybook. D.A textbook. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四个旅程。
（1）考查推理判断。根据Athens and Crete Explorer部分中的”Trip Type: Romance & Honeymoon, Tailor-made Travel Ideas“旅行类型：浪漫蜜月，量身定做的旅行创意，可推知，新婚夫妇极可能会选择Athens and Crete Explorer”雅典和克里特岛探险家“。故选D。 （2）考查细节理解。根据London for Families部分中的”Visit the world of Harry Potter“参观哈利波特的世界，可知，如果参加伦敦的家庭之旅，你会看到哈利波特的世界。故选B。 （3）考查细节理解题。根据四个旅程中Duration（持续时间）的介绍信息“Duration: 8 Days ，Duration: 9Days，Duration: 11Days”可知，这四个旅程都超过了一周。故选B。 （4）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的”We have many trips for you to explore the world your way. Our travel ideas are as diverse as the world itself and are designed to let you experience it. Please start with the following four trips.“我们有很多旅行供您以您的方式探索世界。我们的旅游理念和世界本身一样多样化，旨在让您体验它。请从以下四次旅行开始。可推知，这篇文章可能来自于旅游手册。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
31．阅读理解
The new social robots, including Jibo, Cozmo, Kuri and Meccano M.A.X., bear some
resemblance to assistants like Apple's Siri, but these robots come with something more. They are designed to win us over not with their smarts but with their personality. They are sold as companions that do more than talk to us. Time magazine hailed (称赞) the robots that \"could fundamentally reshape how we interact with machines.\" But is reshaping how we interact with machines a good thing, especially for children?
Some researchers in favor of the robots don't see a problem with this. People have relationships with many kinds of things. Some say robots are just another thing with which we can have relationships. To support their argument, roboticists sometimes point to how children deal with toy dolls. Children animate (赋予…生命) dolls and turn them into imaginary friends. Jibo, in a sense, will be one more imaginary friend, and arguably a more intelligent and fun one. Getting attached to dolls and sociable machines is different, though. Today's robots tell children that they have emotions, friendships, even dreams to share. In reality, the whole goal of the robots is emotional trickery. For instance, Cozmo the robot needs to be fed, repaired and played with. Boris Sofman, the chief executive of Anki, the company behind Cozmo, says that the idea is to create \"a deeper and deeper emotional connection ... And if you neglect him, you feel the pain of that.\" What is the point of this, exactly? What does it mean to feel the pain of neglecting something that feels no pain at being neglected, or to feel anger at being neglected by something that doesn't even know it is neglecting you?
This should not be our only concern. It is troubling that these robots try to empathize with children. Empathy allows us to put ourselves in the place of others, to know what they are feeling. Robots, however, have no emotions to share, and they cannot put themselves in our place. No matter what robotic creatures \"say\" or squeak, they don't understand our emotional lives. They present themselves as empathy machines, but they are missing the essential equipment. They have not been born, they don't know pain, or death, or fear. Robot thinking may be thinking, but robot feeling is never feeling, and robot love is never love.
What is also troubling is that children take robots' behavior to indicate feelings. When the robots interact with them, children take this as evidence that the robots like them, and when robots don't work when needed, children also take it personally. Their relationships with the robots affect their self-esteem (自尊). In one study, an 8-year-old boy concluded that the robot stopped talking to him because the robot liked his brothers better.
For so long, we dreamed of artificial intelligence offering us not only simple help but conversation and care. Now that our dream is becoming real, it is time to deal with the emotional downside of living with robots that \"feel.\"
（1）How are the new social robots different from Siri? A. They are intended to teach children how to talk. B. They are designed to attract people with their smarts. C. Their main function is to evaluate children's personality. D. They have a new way to communicate with human beings.
（2）In Paragraph 3 Cozmo is used as an example to show that the social robots ______. A. are deeply connected with human beings B. are unable to build a real relationship with children
C. are so advanced that they can feel the pain of human beings D. are not good enough to carry out the instructions of children
（3）The underlined phrase \"essential equipment\" in Paragraph 4 refers to ______. A. emotion B. pain C. fear D. thinking （4）Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
A. B.
C.
【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）A （4）B
D.
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，新的社交机器人与以往机器人不同，他们不仅比我们聪明还有他们的个性。时代周刊称它彻底改变了我们与机器互动的方式。但是对这种改变有的科学家赞同而有很多人也很担忧。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中 的“ The new social robots, including Jibo, Cozmo, Kuri and Meccano M.A.X., bear some resemblance to assistants like Apple's Siri, but these robots come with something more. ”可知，新的社交机器人与像苹果的Siri这样的助理有相同之处，但比它们有更多功能；再根据第一段中的“Time magazine hailed (称赞) the robots that “could fundamentally reshape how we interact with machines.”可知，社交机器人彻底改变了我们与机器互动的方式，可以推知以一种新的方式与人们交流互动。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。Cozmo是第三段的举例，举例肯定是用来证明本段或者其前边的观点的。本段的中心是“Getting attached to dolls and sociable machines is different, though.”与洋娃娃相处与与社交机器相处是不同的；再根据第三段中的“What does it mean to feel the pain of neglecting something that feels no pain at being neglected, or to feel anger at being neglected by something that doesn't even know it is neglecting you?”你觉得忽略了机器人而难受，但是机器人并不会感觉被忽略，或者你感觉机器人冷落了你而难受但是机器人根本不知道它冷落了你，这些意味着什么呢？可知，社交机器人并不能真的跟小朋友建立感情。故选B。 （3）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“They have not been born, they don't know pain, or death, or fear. Robot thinking may be thinking, but robot feeling is never feeling, and robot love is
never love.”可知，社交机器人不知道疼，死亡或害怕。社交机器人的思维可能是在想，但是他们的感觉从来不是感觉，他们的爱也从来不是爱。这句话是证明划线单词所在句子的论点的，他们是会同情的机器，但是他们缺少感情，导致他们所谓的感情是假的。所以划线单词词意为情感。故选A。
（4）考查篇章结构。分析文章内容，第一段提出观点：社交机器人改变了我们与机器互动的方式。第二段提出一些支持这一改变的专家的想法，第三段提出一些人对这一改变的担忧，并且第三段后半部分以及第四段、第五段分别是这些人的三点担忧。最后一段总结这一趋势面临的现状。所以文章提出观点后，分为支持和反对两个观点，反对方面又列出了三点担忧，最后一段总结。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和篇章结构三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
32．阅读理解
Babies born in summer are more likely to become short-sighted in late life, a study has shown. As many as a quarter of all cases of short-sightedness are caused by too great an exposure to sunlight in the first weeks of life, say eye experts.
They are advising all parents to put sunglasses on their babies during the first weeks. Scientists had already established that over-exposure to sunlight caused shortsightedness in animals.
Researchers who compared the months in which babies were born with whether they needed glasses later on say the principle also applies to humans.
A study of almost 300, 000 young adults-the largest of its kind-showed that those born in June and July had a 25 per cent greater chance of becoming severely short-sighted than those born in December or January.
Research leader Professor Michael Belkin, of Tel Aviv University, said it was because prolonged illumination(光照) causes the eyeball to lengthen-causing short-sightedness.
Hence the more light a newborn is exposed to, the more the eyeball lengthens and the worse the short-sightedness will be.
The mechanism which lengthens the eyeball is associated with levels of melatonin(褪黑激素), a pigment (色素) which protects the skin against harmful rays of the sun.
In young babies not enough melatonin is released as protection, meaning they are more vulnerable to sunburn and changes to eyeball shape.
Sight expert Professor Daniel O'Leary, of Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, said \"At the moment we don't know the precise cause of why light exposure affects sight, but the evidence seems to prove that it is one of the reasons for people becoming shortsighted.\" （1）Babies born in summer are more likely to be shortsighted ____________. A. because the summer sun is too strong for babies B. because babies born in summer have lengthened eyeballs
C. if they are exposed too much sunlight in the first weeks after they are born D if parents don't
know a proper way to protect their babies' eyes
（2）Melatonin is a kind of material to ___________.
A. prevent the eyes from becoming near-sighted B. protect the skin from harmful sun rays C. make our body strong D. protect babies' eyes from summer sun （3）From what Professor Daniel O'Leary says we can conclude that ___________. A. there is no evidence that shortsightedness is related to exposure to sunlight B. whether light exposure affects sight still needs to be further proved C. he believes that light exposure can cause shortsightedness D. he tries to give the cause of why light exposure affects sight
（4）The underlined word \"vulnerable\" in the passage probably means __________. A. easy to be harmed B. resistant C. protective D. changeable 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）C （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明在夏季出生的婴儿长大后更容易成为近视眼，眼科专家称多达四分之一的近视眼病例是由于在出生后前几周里暴露阳光太久造成。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段和第二段可知，眼科专家称：在夏季出生的婴儿长大后更容易成为近视眼，因为由于婴儿在出生后前几周里暴露阳光太久造成。故选C 。 （2）考查推理判断。根据倒数第三段中的“The mechanism which lengthens the eyeball is associated with levels of melatonin(褪黑激素), a pigment (色素) which protects the skin against harmful rays of the sun.“可知，褪黑激素是一种可以保护皮肤不受阳光紫外线伤害的色素。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段可知，剑桥大学的 视学专家Daniel O'Leary教授相信暴露在阳光下会导致人们近视眼。故选C。
（4）考查词义猜测。在婴幼儿时期，没有产生足够的褪黑激素作为保护，婴幼儿更容易被阳光灼伤，并且改变眼球的形状。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
33．阅读理解
In 1963, at age 65, my grandfather, Erwin, decided to build a new house. He wasn't quite sure what to do with the old house since it sat where the new house would be. He finally hired a powerful vehicle to push it far out into a small group of trees. That old house sits there to this very day.
Erwin and his wife, Elida, passed away, and I purchased the farm from their estate. My wife and I raised our sons on this place and have lived here for more than 30 years. When we first moved in, my wife took one look at the deserted house and declared it a hidden danger. I agreed and planned on a large bonfire. But I thought it appropriate to check out the house first, just in case
something of worth had been left behind.
I walked through the tall grass in the meadow where the old house sat. Time had worn it out. The entrance floor had fallen down on itself and most of the windows were gone. We entered through an open window. ①Here lay the reminders of my grandparents' lives: a broken chair, some old clothes ... But the thing that drew my eye was a cardboard box stuffed with papers. I dug through its contents and was instantly transported back in time. There was a tax return from 1957. Greeting cards from old friends and relatives, now all dead and gone. An uncle's third-grade spelling book. So sweet were the memories that the old house was spared the torch.
As we hurried through our lives, my visits grew infrequent. I might catch a glimpse of the house through the trees and remembered how, as a child, I would struggle to walk in my father's footprints. Even then, I could imagine no nobler calling than farming, just like Dad. Then, one April morning, my father was felled by a massive heart attack, at age 68. The entire family was shocked by his passing, none more than me. Why I visited that old house on a day shortly after my father's funeral is still beyond me. It was as though it were calling; even the trees seemed to whisper an invitation to come, to visit, to stay awhile.
②As I stood once again on that ancient floor, my eye was drawn to a pile of papers on the floor. An envelope, yellowed with age, lay on top. A blue stamp on the envelope read \"Passed by Naval Censor\" How could I have missed this treasure? My father had served aboard the USS Washington during World War II and had written home whenever he could. My grandmother saved all of his letters.
I removed one letter carefully from its envelope. ③It was dated September 1944. My father would have been somewhere in the South Pacific at that time and all of 18 years old. T studied the familiar handwriting. Dad wondered how the com harvest had been. He supposed that his youngest brother was starting first grade and imagined that he was becoming quite the little man. He asked his mother to greet everyone and said that he missed them all.
It wasn't hard to read between the lines. Here was a homesick young man, a kid really, who had spent his entire life living upon a sea of flat land grass. Now he was on a different kind of sea, an ocean that was being disturbed by the thunder and the lightning of a world at war. At the bottom of the page, my father had passed on one last message. ④Tears burned my eyes as I read those words he had so carefully emphasized: \"All is well here. Please don't worry. I am doing fine.\" As I left the old house that day, I took one last glance back at it over my shoulder. I don't care what any one thinks, I decided. That old house gets to stay there until it rots into the earth. （1）Why did the writer visit the long forgotten house?
A. He had to ensure his family's safety. B. There were some antiques inside. C. He wanted to sort valuable stuff. D. His wife asked him to check it out. （2）The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 implies that .
A. the shabby house proved of great use B. the house held his childhood memories C. the writer could not erase grandpa's past D. the writer finally gave up the initial plan （3）Where does the following sentence fit in best? \"I felt as though I had stepped into a time capsule.\"
A. ① B. ② C. ③ D. ④
（4）What can we learn from Paragraph 4? A. Father's death caused a disaster to the writer's family. B. Father had a strong influence on the writer's childhood. C. The writer wanted to find Father's letters in the old house. D. The house was totally forgotten by the writer's family.
（5）During his serving in the US Navy, the writer's father could be described as A. ambitious and energetic B. proud and patient C. considerate and homesick D. confident and helpful （6）What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. Saving Grandpa's Home B. Treasuring Old Stuff C. Grandpa, Father and I D. Letters From Father 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）A （4）B （5）C （6）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者本来要烧毁祖父的老房子，但却在老房子里找到了父亲在外打仗期间写给家人的信，信里讲述了作者父亲对家人的关心以及流露出来的思乡之情，最后作者放弃了烧毁房子的计划。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“But I thought it appropriate to check out the house first, just in case something of worth had been left behind.”作者想要先去房子里看看还有什么值钱的留下来，故选C。
（2）考查句义猜测。第三段提到了许多与这个老房子相关的记忆；再根据第二段中的”I agreed and planned on a large bonfire.“作者在来老房子之前想要烧掉老房子，而在看过老房子之后才发现，老房子承载着美好的回忆，于是作者放弃了烧毁它的计划。故选D。 （3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的”We entered through an open window. “表明作者进入了房子；以及”Here lay the reminders of my grandparents' lives“，房子里都是有关爷爷的东西，感觉一下就把作者从现在拉回到了过去，就像是进入了时空舱一样，故选A。 （4）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“The entire family was shocked by his passing, none more than me”，作者父亲在六十八岁时因为心脏病去世，整个家庭都非常的震惊，但谁也没有作者那么难过，说明作者与父亲之间的感情非常的深厚。故选B。
（5）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的“He asked his mother to greet everyone and said that he missed them all.”；以及第七段中的” Here was a homesick young man, ”和 “he had so carefully emphasized: \"All is well here. Please don't worry. I am doing fine.\"”作者父亲在信中关心了自己的弟弟，叫妈妈代自己向大家问好，字里行间都让家人不要担心自己，由此可见父亲信中对家人的关心以及流露出来的思乡之情。故选C。
（6）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“I agreed and planned on a large bonfire. ”作者本来准备要把老房子烧掉的，但在老房子中发现了父亲对这个家浓浓的爱，由此产生了深刻的羁绊；再根据最后一段中的“That old house gets to stay there until it rots into the earth.”要让老
房子一直待在那里，直到与世界交融在一起，说明作者最后是保留了老房子，即拯救了老房子。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，句义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
34．阅读理解
I love our kitchen. It's one of the most used parts of our home. About 9 years ago we updated our kitchen and got all new collections. At the time I didn't really do a lot of research on the functions of the equipment and I really wish I had. There were so many different choices on the market and I ended up buying some that I didn't really like all that much and now that it's time to update them again, I'll be more careful with the ones I choose.
I've had my eye on KitchenAid for a while, especially the new KitchenAid equipment at BestBuy. The new KitchenAid equipment at Best Buy has a cook-like quality without the premium price that you might expect to pay, so it won't cost you a fortune. The equipment has a professionally inspired design that is a perfect balance of good taste and functionality.
With the new KitchenAid equipment you will find cooking more optional and flexible, which contributes to your amazing performance while preparing a meal. Its five-door fridge offers organized storage and easier access to food.
I love these new collections and I can't think of a better time to update your kitchen than right now, because when you buy now at Best Buy you will get 18 months financing or 5% rewards on major equipment and free delivery on purchases over $399. To learn more about how to transform your kitchen with the new KitchenAid collections, be sure to visit BestBuy.com. （1）What is the author's regret for her last update of the kitchen? A. She didn't buy the latest equipment. B. She spent little time studying how they work. C. She purchased something she didn't like at all. D. She didn't make full use of the kitchen.
（2）The underlined word \"premium\" in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by _____. A. favorable B. reasonable C. high D. special （3）Why is the author most impressed by the products of KitchenAid equipment? A. They can save electricity. B. The fridge has a large storage. C. The price is very low. D. They make cooking easy. （4）What is the purpose of this text?
A. To recommend some kitchen equipment. B. To introduce a website. C. To compare prices of some goods. D. To describe a fridge. 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）D （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，作者以自己的经历介绍了一款厨房设备——
KitchenAid设备，价格不高，使做饭变得更加随意和灵活。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”At the time I didn't really do a lot of research on the functions of the equipment and I really wish I had.“当时我并没有对设备的功能做很多研究，我真的希望我做了很多研究。可知作者对她最近更新的厨房设备感到遗憾是她很少花时间研究它们是如何工作的。故选B。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的”so it won't cost you a fortune.“ 所以不会花你一大笔钱。可知Best Buy新推出的厨房助手设备价格不高，不会花一大笔钱。故可推测划线单词意思为\"高的\"。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的”With the new KitchenAid equipment you will find cooking more optional and flexible, which contributes to your amazing performance while preparing a meal.“有了新的KitchenAid设备，你会发现做饭变得更加随意和灵活，这有助于你在做饭时的惊人表现。可知让作者印象最深的是KitchenAid设备使烹饪变得简单。故选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”To learn more about how to transform your kitchen with the new KitchenAid collections, be sure to visit BestBuy.com.“要了解更多关于如何用新的KitchenAid系列来改造你的厨房，一定要访问BestBuy.com。以及结合文章主要内容为介绍KitchenAid设备，可知本文的目的是推荐一些厨房设备。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
35．阅读理解
America is well known for being a melting pot of different ethnic groups and cultures, but nowhere is this diversity more pronounced than in Queens, New York.
Here, second-generation Puerto Ricans live alongside third-generation Greeks and first-generation Koreans, all united by a common feeling of pride in their American identity. However, they are also proud and curious about their ancestral roots. National Geographic's Genographic Project, also known as the Human Family Tree, set out to trace the origins by examining their genetic makeup using a simple DNA test. What interested them more was something that intrigues us all: the history of our recent ancestry. One recurring theme among immigrants seems to be the hard work and sacrifices that went into building a new life, and how their descendants now feel a duty to honor that effort by working hard too. Here is one Queens resident's story. Richard, 38
My great-grandfather Tomas came to America from Poland when he was fifteen. His mother had died, and his father remarried. Tomas didn't like his stepmother, so he ran away to Belgium, where he boarded a ship to America—without a ticket. Arriving in America with nothing, he got a job on the railroads in California. Then one day he saw an announcement in a newspaper that was read by immigrants. It was from his brother in New York who was also seeking his fortune in America and was looking for him. Tomas got in touch and they had an emotional reunion in New York, where Tomas subsequently settled. This is the story that my grandmother has passed down
to us, to my parents, and all my aunts and uncles. She is an amazing woman and I suppose: the one who holds us all together. She's actually quite forgetful now, but she never forgets family details. What that has meant is that all of us have a strong family bond and a strong sense of belonging to a group that has struggled and fought together to steered here. （1）What is special about Queens? A. Conflicting ethnic minorities live here. B. Many foreigners like to travel to this place. C. The pronunciation varies from person to person. D. Many different people and cultures are gathering here.
（2）What does the \"one recurring theme\" in paragraph 2 refer to? A. A sad experience. B. A common subject. C. An unknown topic. D. An unusual quality. （3）Which of the following can best describe Tomas? A. Brave and independent. B. Tough and honest. C. Talented and persistent. D. Kind and hard-working. （4）What can we know about the immigrants from the text? A. They are ashamed of their roots. B. They feel attached to their family. C. They can't fit in with the new surroundings. D. They are less interested in recent generations. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）A （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，美国是一个种族和文化的大熔炉，尽管移民在美国生活了几代，但他们仍对自己的祖辈感到骄傲和好奇。祖辈的努力和牺牲让他们有强烈的家庭归属感，也激励着他们更加努力。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“America is well known for being a melting pot of different ethnic groups and cultures, but nowhere is this diversity more pronounced than in Queens, New York.”可知，美国是不同种族和文化的大熔炉，但这种多样性在纽约的皇后区最为明显，即：皇后区汇集了不同种族的人和文化。故选D。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“One recurring theme among immigrants seems to be the hard work and sacrifices that went into building a new life, and how their descendants now feel a duty to honor that effort by working hard too.”移民中……似乎是为了建立新生活他们所付出的努力和牺牲，以及他们的后代应该感到有责任通过努力工作来纪念他们的努力。联系上下文，可知这是很多移民谈到的话题，故推测划线部分的意思是“一个共同的主题” 。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“so he ran away to Belgium, where he boarded a ship to America—without a ticket. Arriving in America with nothing, he got a job on the railroads in California.”可知Tomas没有买票一个人坐上了到美国的轮船，到了美国后身无分文在火车
站找了一份工作，这些体现了Tomas的勇敢和。故选A。
（4）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“What interested them more was something that intrigues us all: the history of our recent ancestry.”和最后一段中的“She's actually quite forgetful now, but she never forgets family details. What that has meant is that all of us have a strong family bond and a strong sense of belonging to a group that has struggled and fought together to steered here.”可知美国移民对他们祖辈的历史更感兴趣；Richard的祖母忘不了家庭细节意味着他们有强烈的家庭纽带和归属感，即这些移民看重家庭以及对家庭的依恋。故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇人生感悟类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
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