必修4重点语法汇总
Unit13
过去分词
过去分词起形容词、副词的作用，在句中作状语、定语、表语和宾语补足语。
一、过去分词作状语
1.通常修饰谓语，很多是说明动作发生的背景或情况。
Guided by these principles，they went on with the work.
在这些方针的指引下，他们继续进行这项工作。
Delighted with her work，they made her the general manager.
他们很欣赏她的工作，让她当了总经理。
Encouraged by these successes，they decided to expand the business.
在这些成绩的鼓舞下他们决定扩大经营。
Built in 1192，the bridge is over 700 years old.
这座桥是1192年修的，已经有七百多年的历史了。
2.过去分词也可作原因状语
Influenced by his example，they performed countless good deeds.
在他的事迹的影响下，他们做了无数件好事。
Confined to bed，she needed to be waited on in everything.
(由于)她卧病在床，什么事都需要人照顾。
He soon fell asleep，exhausted by the journey.
由于旅途劳累他很快就睡着了。
3.过去分词也可作时间状语
Seen from the hill, the town looks magnificent.
从山上看这座城市非常漂亮。
This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.
这个办法在上海附近地区试验时总产量有了显著提高。
4.过去分词也可作假设的条件状语
Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.
仔细分析一下，我们可以看出这是完全错误的。
Given better attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
如果管理得好一点，这些大白菜还可以长得更好。
United we stand，divided we fall.
(谚)团结则存，则亡。
二、过去分词作定语
过去分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生或没有一定的时间性。
Is this the book recommended by our teacher?
这是老师推荐的书吗？
A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.
今天发的信或许后天他能收到。
We have to pay duties on goods imported from abroad.
进口商品得交税。
I hate to see letters written in pencil.
我讨厌看铅笔写的信。
三、过去分词作表语
过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。
The door remained locked.
门仍然锁着。
She felt disappointed.
她感到很失望。
He seems quite delighted at the idea.
听了这想法他似乎很激动。
注意：这种结构和被动语态的区别。被动语态表示一个动作。
It is usually closed at 6.
它通常六点关门。
The book was written by a woman.
这书是一位妇女写的。
四、过去分词作宾语补足语
She was glad to see her children well taken care of in the nursery.
她很高兴看到孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。
He once heard the song sung in German.
有一次他听见有人用德语唱了这首歌。
You’d better have your shoes mended.
你最好还是请人把鞋子修一下。
五、过去分词与逻辑主语构成主格
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.
所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
The field ploughed，he began to spread seed.
地耕好了，他开始撒种子。
Unit14
1. 祈使句变间接引语（I）
· 基本用法
引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式：一种是直接引述别人的原话，把它放在引号内，这叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语相当于一个宾语从句。
直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要变为ask/tell/order sb (not)to do sht.结构。人称、时间状语、地点状语应按要求作相应变化。如：
1. The teacher said to us, “Start writing now.”
The teacher ordered us to start writing then.
2. “Please don't disturb me,” he said to the boy.
He asked the boy not to disturb him.
3. Our English teacher said, “Bring your old clothes to school tomorrow.”
Our English teacher told us to bring our old clothes to school the next day.
4. “Stay here until tomorrow,” begged my grandma.
My grandma begged me to stay there until the next day.
2. 直接引语与间接引语的转换
· 基本用法
人称的变化
在直接引语中，代词要随句意进行改变。大致遵循“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”的规律，即第一人称一般要变得与引述部分的主语一致；第二人称一般要变得与引述部分的宾语一致；第三人称一般不改变。如：
He said, “I like it very much.”-----He said that he liked it very much.
He said to Mrs. Green, “How do you go to work every day?”----
He asked Mrs. Green how she went to work every day.
My father said, “Jack is a good neighbor.”----
My father said that Jack was a good neighbor.
时态的变化
1. 如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的时态则无需变化。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。如：
He said, “I am using the knife.”---He said that he was using the knife.（现在进行时--过去进行时）
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”---She said that she had not heard from him since May.（现在完成时--过去完成时）
He said, “I came to help you. ----He said that he had come to help me.（一般过去时--过去完成时）
2. 时态不需要变化的情况
(1). 直接引语是客观真理、自然现象或名言警句时。如：
Our English teacher said, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”---
Our English teacher told us that all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
我们的英语老师告诉我们， 只顾学习不休息，聪明孩子也变傻。
(2). 直接引语中有确定的过去时间时。如：
Tony said, “The story took place in the 1930s.”----
Tony said that the story took place in the 1930s.
(3). 直接引语时习惯性行为时。如：
He said, “I usually go to bed at 10:30.”---
He said he usually goes to bed at 10:30.
(4). 只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。 如：
The boy said, “I found the key just under the table.”----
The boy said he found the key just under the table.
(5). 所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时。如：
The reporter said, “The war between the two countries is still on.”----
The reporter said the war between the two countries is still on.
(6). when, while, since等引导时间状语从句时。如：
My grandfather said, “It is many years since I worked here.”---
My grandfather said it was many years since he worked there.
(7). 直接引语中的情态动词没有过去式时。如：
My mother said, “You must clean the room today.”---
My mother said I must clean the room that day.
指示代词，时间状语，地点状语在间接引语中的变化：
直接引语-----间接引语
this-------------that
these----------those
now-----------then
today---------that day
tonight-------that night
last night-----two days before
yesterday-----the day before/the previous day
tomorrow----the next/following day
this evening----that evening
here-----------there
bring----------take
come---------go
如:
He said, “I haven't seen her today.”---- He said that he hadn't seen her that day.
She said,\" I went there yesterday.”----- She said that she had gone there the day before.
Unit15
条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件状语从句和主句中的用法：
时间 虚拟条件状语从句谓语 主句谓语
与现在事实相反 动词原形
did(were) would/should/could/might +
与过去事实相反 have done
had done would/should/could/might +
与将来事实相反 might + 动词原形
did(were)/were to do/should do would/ should/ could/
例：If I had time, I would attend the important meeting.
If you had followed my advice, you could have passed the exam.
If you came/ were to come/should come tomorrow, we would hold the party.
2. 省略if的虚拟条件句：
在虚拟条件状语从句中，可省略if，把were, should, had提到句首，变为倒装句式。
例：Should he come(=If he should come), I would tell him to ring you up.
3. 错综时间条件句
如果主句和从句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句。
例：If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would be better now.
4. 含蓄条件句
句中没有明显的虚拟条件状语从句，而是利用其它手段来代替条件状语从句，如用but for, without, or, otherwise等。
例：But for your help, we couldn’t have succeed in the experiment.
名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1. 在某些表示“命令，要求，建议”等的动词，名词以及形容词存在的主语从句，宾语从句，表
语从句，同位语从句中的虚拟语气结构为：(should) + 动词原形。常这样用的动词有：
一坚持：insist
二命令：order, command
四建议：suggest(suggestion n.), advise(advice n.), propose(proposal n.), recommend
五要求：require(requirement n.), request, demand, desire, urge
例：The graduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south. （宾语从句）
We agreed to order that the task(should) be completed. （同位语从句）
His demand is that the boy(should) go with them. （表语从句）
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next. （主语从句）
当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意时，insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”之意时，后接的宾语从句应当用陈述语气。
例：His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
2. 在would rather后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
宾语从句的谓语如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。
例：I would rather I left now.
I would rather you came next month.
I would rather he had passed the exam.
3. 在wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
分类 从句谓语
与现在事实相反 did(were)
与过去事实相反 had done
与将来事实相反 would/could/might + 动词原形
例：I wish you would go with us tomorrow.
I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket.
I wish that I were a bird.
其他虚拟情况
1. 在if only引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气
分类 从句谓语
与现在事实相反 did(were)
与过去事实相反 had done
与将来事实相反 would/could/might + 动词原形
例：If only I were younger now.
If only I had known the news earlier.
only if表示“只有…（才）”，引导条件状语从句，不用虚拟语气。
例：I told him he would succeed only if he worked hard.
2. 虚拟语气在as if/as though（好像）引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中的用法
分类 从句谓语
与现在事实相反 did(were)
与过去事实相反 had done
例：He looks as if he were an artist.
I remember it clearly as if it had happened yesterday.
当句子叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生的或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。
例：It sounds as if it is raining.
3. 用于It’s(high/ right) time(that)…“是该干…的时候了”句型中，从句中谓语动词用过去式或
“should+动词原形”。
例：It’s (high) time that you went/ should go to bed.
